电子商务在中国的主要局限性

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摘 要:近几十年来,电子商务的发展在世界各地起着越来越重要的作用;然而在发展中国家其发展速度却慢于其他国家.笔者不仅探讨了电子商务的发展历史,还分析了在中国电子商务发展不同阶段的局限性并找到相应的解决方案.本文遵循电子商务的发展历史,从电子商务在中国的发展业务及电子商务容易被忽视的方面,最重要的是造成的限制及其在中国应该如何解决几方面来阐述,从中得出电子商务在中国的成功更应该取决于管理和信息技术,而不是经济.

关 键 词:中国技术经济管理

Abstract:Inrecentdecades,e-merceplaysanincreasingimportantroleinallovertheworld;however,thestepofdevelopmentindevelopingcountriesisslowerthanothercountries.Thepurposeoftheprojectisnotonlytoinvestigatethehistoricaldevelopmentofe-merce,butalsotoanalysethedifferentlimitationsofthee-merceinChinaandfindouttheappropriatesolutionstodealwiththem.Thisprojectwouldmaintainthehistoricaldevelopmentofe-merce,theeffectsofe-mercedevelopmentonbusinessinChina,aspectsofe-mercearebeingneglected,mostimportantincausingthelimitation,HowshouldthelimitationsinChinabedealtwith.Myresultisthatthesuccessofe-merceinChinaiorelikelytodependontheadministrationandinformationtechnologyratherthantheeconomy.

KeyWords:China,Technology,Economy,Administration

1.Introduction

Intheinterera,e-merceperformscrucialrolesinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,andmaybedefinedasaspecialplatformprovidingopportunitiestoexchangeproducts,servicesandinformationonline,leadingtotheinnovationoftrade,whichisextremelydifferentwiththetraditionaltype(Connerty2001).

Thedevelopmentofadvancedtransactiononlinehaspopularizedallovertheworld.Thislargeglobalmarketpromotestheimprovementsofdifferentallbusinessrangingfromgeneralmerchandisetohouseholdapplications.Thesee-customersareimmersedintorealisticworkworldfilledwithproductsandservices.However,manycustomersandsuppliersareconcernedabouttheslawspeedofimprovementofe-merceintheircountries,suchasChina.

Someauthors(AvilaandBoncanoska1998,UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment2002)arguedthate-mercehasbeendevelopedandappliedinmostofcountries,especiallythedevelopingcountries.Itcouldaffectthesuppliers’motivation,thelivingofcustomersandthejobopportunitiesinsociety.AgrowingnumberofauthorsprefertoresearchintothefutureofChinesee-merce(ErnstandHe2000),notonlyintermsofitsbenefitsonlocalpeople,butalsointermsofitactorsimpededthedevelopmentofe-merceinChina.InZhu’s(2000)andZhang’s(2003)article,theyfoundthatthisdevelopmentcouldbedeterminedbyseveralfactors,suchaseconomy,administrationaswellasthestandardlevelofinformationtechnology.However,themostimportantlimitationine-merce,whichissovaluableespeciallywhenfindingtheappropriatesolutions,islikelytobeneglectbythem.Hence,theoverallaimofresearchistoparethesethreedifferentlimitationsandfindoutthemainones.Theresearchisdividedintothreeparts.Firstly,itwillidentifytheglobale-mercedevelopment,secondly,theproblemfacedbyChinesee-merceandimportanceofdifferentlimitationstoe-mercedevelopmentinChina.Finally,accordingtotheparisonforwhichtwoaremostessentialfactors,themostimportantlimitationsarepresentedanddiscussed.

2.E-merce

2.1.DevelopmentofGlobalE-merce

E-merceisakindofnewplatformdescribingtheprocessesofbuyingandsellingandthetransactionofproducts,servicesandinformationviaworkcircumstance,suchasInter(Turban1999).Itmeansthatcustomerscouldfindandgetthegoodsprovidedbysuppliersonline.AccordingtoBoncanoska(AvilaandBoncanoska1998),owingtothedevelopmentofIntertechnology,thenewconceptofmercehasbeendevelopedandpopularizedallovertheworldoverthedecades,duetothefactthatanincreasinglynumberofpeopleheaccessedtotheInter.Theamountofusersofe-merceisbeingincreaseddramaticallyby200%from2000to2006(ibid).Arisingnumberofcountrieshadjoinedintotheinnovationofmerceworldbytheyearof2005,asshowninFigure1.


Figure1:2005WorldRankRegionE-merce(AvilaandBoncanoska1998)

Fromthefigure,itindicatesthatuntil2005,theWesternEuropeandNorthAmericahasbeenthemainmarketsofthisnewmodelmerce,andotherareasoccupythemarketquotienteragely,whichmeansthatthedegreesofdevelopmentsofe-merceindifferentareasarebeingdevelopedatthesametime.Thevolumeofglobalbusinessonlineincreasedfrom210billionin2008to610billionin2012(Turban1999).

2.2.EffectsofE-merceinDevelopingcountries

Duringthe1990s,theprocessofe-mercehasbeenimprovedinthemajorityofdevelopingcountries.Thedevelopmentofinfrastructureinthesecountriespromotesthechangesoflocaleconomyenvironment,leadingtoalterthetraditionaltypesofmerce(Efendioglu,YipandMurray1998).Thee-mercehasplayedanessentialroleinthesechangesofsociety.Thereareasignificantnumberofbenefitrome-merce(Turban1999),asdepictinTable1.

Table1:thebenefitsofe-merceindevelopingcountriesonanizations,customersandsociety(Turban1999)

Itisshownthatthee-mercecouldbringpositiveinfluencesonanizations,customersandlocalsociety.Itmayenableenterprisestosignificantlyexpandtheirmarketplacetonotonlynationalbutalsointernationalmarket,aswellashelpcustomersgettheproductswithlescostsanytime.Whilethemostimportantoneisthatthedevelopmentoflocale-mercereducestheproportionofunemploymentviasupportingtheseallbusinesses.3.E-merceinChina

3.1.TheCurrentSituation

Chinesee-merceisdifferentfromtheoothandreal-timetransactioninothercountrieswithadvancedInter.Thespeciale-transactionpattern,calledOne-stopon-lineshopwithreal-timetransaction,israrelyexistedinChinesee-mercemarket(Li2006).ItmeansthatChinesee-customersshouldbooktheproductsorservicesonlineandgetthemoff-line.InChina,thegrowingnumberofInterusershasprovidedanopportunityfore-mercedevelopment.AccordingtoBuhalis(2006),thee-mercewebsitesincreasedfrom1500in1997to590thousandin2003.Nowadays,twoe-mercialwebsitesarebeingregisteredeverydayinChina.Someofthemheachievedsuccess.Forexample,“Taobao”,asoneofthelargeste-mercetransactionplatforminAsia,hasexceededeBayandAmazonbecauseofitssuccesulstrategies(YangandLiu2009,Martinsons2002).

3.2.TheFutureofE-merce

Thenumberofe-customersinChinaispredictedtoexceed40millionbytheendof2012(ErnstandHe2000).Someresearchersbelievethatthee-mercewillbeinthedominantpositionofChinesetradeinthenextdecades.However,theflourishinge-mercemarketinChinadoesnotmeantherecannotbeproblems.Ernst(2000)doubtedthatthee-merceinChina,asoneofthelargestnationswiththericherresources,meansandthemotivation,islaggingfarbehindothercountriesintermsofthesizeandscopeofthee-mercemarketing.Atpresent,manycustomers,especiallythoseovertheageof45,preferthetraditionaltradeontheface-to-facebasis,duetoanumberoflimitationseffectedonthedevelopmentofe-merceinChina.Efendioglu(Efendioglu2004)foundthatcultureissues,suchas‘socializingeffectofmerce’and‘attitudestowarddebt’arelikelytobedeterminedtobetheimpedimentstoChinesee-merce.

3.3.Limitations

Zhu(Zhu2000)showedthatthesuccessofe-merceinChinareliesonninedifferentfactors,andhehadalsolistedtheminhisreport,suchaslackofinfrastructure,lackoftrust,lackofinformationtechnologystandard.Thedevelopmentwillbesignificantlyaffectedbythreemainaspects:theeconomy,administrationandinformationtechnology(Zhang2003),whichwillbedescribeinthefollowingsections.

3.3.1.TheEconomicAspect

Theeconomyisoneofthemainaspectsinlimitationsofe-merceinChina,Zhang),owingtothefactthateconomylevelisthefoundationofsuccessofeveryintroduction.Meanwhile,Zhang(2003)foundthatChineseeconomydevelopmentlevelisparativelyveryweak.WhenparingwiththeGPDpercapitaofthosedevelopedcountriesorregions(asshowninTable2),Chinesewholedevelopmentremainarlaggard.Table2:GDPPerCapitaUSdollar(Zhang2003)

ThetableindicatestheGDPpercapitainChinaiarlowerthanthoseinothercountries,althoughithadincreasedfrom520dollarsin1995to789dollarsin1999.AccordingtoZhu(Zhu2000),thelackofhigheconomylevelmayweakenthemotivationofbusinesen’sinvestmentmotivation,whichalsosupportsthelivingenvironmentofChinesee-merce.

3.3.2.TheAdministrationAspect

Nowadays,thereisalackoflawsandregulatoryframeworkrelatedtothesecurityofe-merceinChina(Zhu2000).Toparewiththerulesinothercountries,wherethevariouinancialindustriesarehighlypounded,theruleofe-merceinChinaisquitedifferent,becausethosefinancialservicepaniescouldonlyprovideserviceofbanking,insuranceorsecurities,whichsignificantlyconstrictstheirfutureonmentofmerce.Zhang(Zhang2003)thoughtthattheleakoflawsinChinarisksthepotentialriskoftransactiononline(e.g.hackers,crackersandfinancialcrimes),whichresultedinthelackoftrustofe-customers,asthereliabilityofe-merce.Thisseriesofproblemsaboutthesecurityorsafetyposethegreaterchallengestothedevelopmentofe-merceinChina.

3.3.3.TheTechnologicalAspect

DuetoarisingnumberofInterusers,theworkenvironmentandinformationtechnologylevelarerelatedwiththecustomersandsuppliers.MoreenterprisesbegantoissueinformationofproductsbasedontheInter.Zhu(2000)thoughtthatthelackoftheinformationtechnologystandardcouldnotdirectlyimpedethedevelopmentofe-merceinChina,butthemajorityofe-merceprovidershetoworkontheplatformwiththisstandard.Thelowerlevelofinformationislikelytopresentmanymistakesintheapplication,whichareeasilyattackedbyhackersoranizationswhowanttogetunearnedbenefitromtheseerrors.Ontheotherhand,thosee-mercesitesdesignedonlyinChinesecouldimpedethedataexchangeormultinationaltransactions(Zhang2003,Zhu2000).Hence,thebetterwaytopromotethegrowthofe-merceinChinaistosetupauniversalstandardofinformationtechnologyandtosolvethelanguageissue.

电子商务在中国的主要局限性参考属性评定
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4.Methodology

Massofdataandusefulinformationrelatedtoe-mercedevelopmenthasbeenpresentedindifferentways,academicjournals,booksandwebsites.Thisrangeofliteraturesourcewillbeusedinthisreport.Thecarefulanalysisofitshistoryanddevelopmentcouldcontributetofindingoutthepotentialdevelopmenttrendinothercountries,especiallyinChina.Intheprocessofanalyzingcurrentsituationofe-merceinChina,wemayfindseverallimitationsandfactorsoflocale-merce.5.Results

AccordingtoZhang(2003),threedifferentfactorsofe-merce(administration,economyandinformationtechnology)willbringsomenegativeinfluencesonthedevelopmentofChinesee-merceondistinctaspects,suchassafety,reliability,motivation,livingenvironment,securityandstability,whichareshownintheFigure

Figure1:relationshipsbetweenthethreemainfactorsofe-merce(Zhang,2003)

Fromthepicture,itisshownthateconomydevelopmentmayjustchangethelivingenvironmentofe-merceinChinaandthebusinesen’sinvestmentmotivation.Theimprovementofadministrationwilleffectonthesafetyofe-transactionandreliabilityofthepublic,especiallythecustomers.However,thestableimprovementandinformationsecurityoflocale-mercerelyonthestandardlevelofinformationtechnologydirectlyandsignificantly.Ontheotherhand,Zhu(2000)foundthatalloftheeffectsarelikelytoplaydifferentrolesinthedevelopmentoflocale-merce.Forexample,themostimportantfactoristhee-transactionsafetyorinformationsecuritywhichispaidmoreattentionbybothofthecustomersandsuppliers,becauseitisnotonlyrelatedtotheirfinancialbenefits,butalsoeasytoreducethereliabilityofe-merce,trustofthecustomersandinvestmentmotivationofsuppliersignificantly.Thestabilityofe-merceapplicationioreessentialthanthelivingenvironment.Hence,theresultofthisresearchisthattheadministrationandinformationtechnologyaremorelikelytoimpedethefutureofChinesee-mercethaneconomy.Duetothelowstandardlevelofinformationtechnology,thee-mercesystemmaybeunstableandeasytobeattackedbyhackers,leadingtothelossofvaluabledataofe-transaction,eventhefinancialloss,whichislikelytobesimilarlyresultedfromthedeficiencyofsupervisionandtheleaksofthelaws.Meanwhile,owingtothefactthatthefrequencyofe-businessdealanditinancialamountisbeingincreased,thetradesecurityandpersonalinformationprotectionareconcernedbythesemembersinthetransactiononline.Whilethelivingenvironmentresultedfromeconomyisoneoftheconditionorlocale-merce,itisevenmoreimportanthowtoincreasethecustomers’trustandbusinesen’otivationresultedfromthee-mercesecurity.

6.Discussion

TheprojectaimsatfindingoutthemostessentiallimitationorChinesee-merceviatheanalysisofitsdevelopmenttrend.Ithasbeenarguedthate-merceinChinawithrichresourcesisstilllaggingfarbehindothercountriesintermsofitarket(ErnstandHe,2000).Ontheotherhand,itisalsoarguedthatinfrastructureandsocio-economyinfluencethee-mercedevelopmentinChina(Efendioglu,2004).However,myresultisthatthesuccessofChinesee-mercemaymainlyrelyontheadministrationandinformationtechnology(IT)standard,becausethee-mercesecurityisrelatedtothebusinesen’sinvestmentmotivationandthetrustofthecustomers,whichconstitutethelivingenvironmentofe-merce.Apparently,leaksofe-merceregularandtheunstablee-mercesystemsaremorelikelytobeattackedbyhackersorthosewhoexpecttogettheunearnedbenefits,leadingthereductionofe-mercesecurityofinformationandtraderesultedindamageofthetrustsofe-customersandsuppliers.AlthoughitioundthatbothofadministrationandITmaybethedecisivelimitationofChinesee-merceintheresearch,therecouldnotbeimpossiblelimitations.Because,theeconomy,administrationandITaremainlystudiedinthisproject,otherfactorsandtheinteractionsbetweendifferentfactorsaremorelikelytobeneglected.

AclearunderstandingofthemainlimitationsofChinesee-mercewillbehelpful,especiallywhenimprovingitsefficiency.Tominimisetheselimitations,theeffectsofeachlimitationandtheirrelationshipsshouldbesyntheticallyconsideredbeforesolutionsproposed.Meanwhile,governmentsneedtoidentifyandcontrolchangesofe-mercemarketaswellaslegislateagainstfinancialcrimesandsecurityproblems.

7.Conclusion

Theadministrationandinformationtechnologystandardarefoundtobethemostessentiallimitationsaffectedonthedevelopmentofe-merceinChina.However,Manyotherlimitationsandtheirrelationshipaybeneglectedbytheresearch.Theyhebeenstudiedandtheirpossiblesolutionsareproposed.

Toresolvetheseproblems,itissuggestedthattheplexinteractionsbetweenlimitationsneedtobetakenintoaccountandtheirimportanceneedstobealsoputinorder.Theymayenableallconfusedargumentsaboutlimitationstobeeliminated.GovernmentsandscientistsshouldalsoproposesomesolutionstodevelopChinesee-merce,suchasissuingtherelatedlawstokeepthesecurityofinformationandtradeanddevelopingthealle-mercesystemswithlowcostsandeasyvindicatingprocesses.Aftertheseremedies,itiirmlybelievedthatChinesee-mercemightbeimproveddramatically,althoughtherecouldbestillseveralproblems.

Thisresultshouldbeputintopracticaluseandevaluated.Inthefutureresearch,theappropriatesolutiontoimprovethelevelofinformationtechnologystandardandlocaladministrationshouldalsobefocused.

Acknowledgment:ThankyouHilaryThompsontutorforthisarticleguidanceandhelp.

ZhangMengtingatpresentintheUKHeriot-WattUniversityreading.

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