生英语议文模板中医

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考研英语语法总结(完美版)从2002年起,研究生英语考试取消了语法,词汇等基础知识的考查,将此部分改考为听力.但取消了此部分知识点的考查并不意味着英语语法等基础知识的不重要.根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议,他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好,考好英语的重要基础,其实完形填空是对语法,词汇的综合考查,但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解,有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式,这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解,而且有助于学生做好英译汉,写好作文.(一)情态动词一.情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能:表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气.在这两个方面must/mustn't,,can/cann't,need/needn't,may/mayn't,might/mightn't,should/shouldn't,ougtht等情态动词+完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的 1.表示已经发生的情况. 1)musthe+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的肯定推测,译为"(昨天)一定等".如: MypainapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:"Areyoufeelingallright"[A]mustbe[B]hadbeen[C]musthebeen[D]hadtobe(答案为C)2)can't/couldn'the+过去分词,表示对已发生情况的否定推测,译为"(昨天)一定没等".如:Marymyletter,otherwiseshewouldherepliedbeforenow.[A]couldn'thereceived[B]oughttohereceived[C]hasreceived[D]shouldn'thereceived(答案为A) 3)may/mighthe+过去分词,表示对已发生的事情做不肯定,可能性很小的推测,或事实上根本没发生,译为"也许等".如:AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表示虚拟语气. 1)needn'the+过去分词,表示做了不必做的事,相当于"didn'tneedtodo",译为"其实没必要等".如:Youneedn'theeoveryourself.Asitturnedouttobeaallhouseparty,wesoformally.[A]needn'tdressup[B]didnotneedhedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup[D]needn'thedressedup(没有必要穿的那么正式,体现是说话者的建议,实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定,答案为D)2)shouldhe+过去分词,表示应该做某事但实际上未做,译为"本应该等"shouldnot+he过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了,译为"本不应该等".如: Iregrethinglefttheworkunfinished,Ishouldheplannedeverythingaheadcarefully. 我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好,但实际上作者还是没有规划好,以至工作没有完成. 3)oughttohe+过去分词,表示动作按理该发生了,但实际上未发生,译为"该等",与should的完成式含义类似.如:Theporteroughttohecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinoke.4)couldhe+过去分词,表示过去本来可以做但却未做,译为"完全可以等".这点与ought/should/he+过去分词用法相似.如:Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhephraseditmoretactfully.5)may/mighthe+过去分词,表示过去可以做但实际未做,译为"(那样)也许会等".如:Itmighthebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers. 二.几个情态动词常考的句型:1).may/might(just)aswell"不妨,最好",与hadbetter相近, Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.既然航班已经取消了,你不妨乘火车吧.相当于youhadbettergobytrain.2).cannot/can't等too等"越等越好,怎么也不过分".注意这个句型的变体cannot等over等.如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.驾车时候,越小心越好.Thefinalchaptercoversanizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.3).usedn't或did'tuseto为usedto(do)的否定式. 4).should除了"应该"一层意思外,考研大纲还规定要掌握其"竟然"的意思.如:Ididn'texpectthatheshouldhebehedlikethat.我无法想象他竟然这样做.三.情态动词被动关系的主动表达法 1.want,require,worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动意义.Yourhairwantscutting ThebookisworthreadingThefloorrequireswashing.2.need既可以用needtobedone也可以使用needdoing,两种形式都表达被动的意义Thehouseneedspainting等于thehouseneedstobepainted.Thewatchneededrepairing等于thewatchneededtoberepaired.(二)形容词,副词及比较级最高级一.形容词的修饰与位置一般来说,从构词法角度来看,后缀"ly"往往是副词,但有的以"ly'结尾的词是形容词而不是副词,这点要注意,形容词一般可以在句子中做定语,表语等成份,但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语,这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下归纳:1以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词:costly昂贵的lonely孤独的deadly死一般的lively活泼的friendly友好的silly傻气的kindly热心肠的likely可能的leisurely悠闲的ugly长得丑的brotherly兄弟般的monthly每月的earthly尘世的2只作以"a"开头的很多形容词只能做表语: afraid害怕的alike相象的awake醒着的alone单独的,惟一的alive活着的ashamed羞愧的 asleep睡着的aware意识到的,察觉到的well健康的content满意的unable无能的3只作前置定语的形容词earthen泥土做的,大地的daily每日的latter后面的golden金子般的weekly每周的inner里面的silken丝一般的monthly每月的outer外面的wooden木制的yearly每年的elder年长的woolen毛织的former前任的mere仅,只不过only惟一的sheer纯粹的very恰好的little小的live活的4.下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词,注意用做系动词时,要求形容词做表语: remainkeepbee,get,grow,go,e,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look. 如:Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitestospecifics.二.形容词与副词的比较级与最高级1.考比较级时,考生应把握: 1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现,即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构.如: DoyouenjoylisteningtorecordsIfindrecordsareoften,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good[D]goodas在这里asgoodas比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词.答案为AOnthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性.如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'arathonwashalf.[A]oflastyear's[B]thoseoflastyear's[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear' (前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数"thenumberof"故代替它的应该是单数指示代词"that",而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickenarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置 原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为"为等.若干倍",当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as等as等,或倍数词+more等than等,但again一般放在原级词之后,即"as+原级+again+as".如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimeore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes(答案为B)"Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarorthepainting""No,Iwouldgladlyhepaidforit."[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceauch[C]auchtwice[D]somuchtwice (答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念: inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,paredwith,inparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如:Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]beneficial(答案为A)Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.(1986年考研题)5)"比较级+and+比较级"或"moreandmore/lessandless+原级"以及"ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级"结构表示"越来越等"的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,bee等.前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse.AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.HerhealthwasbeingdailyworseTheroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall等于theroadgotworseandworse. 6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示"更加"的意思.如 TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIheyetmoreexcitingneworyou7)有关比较级的特殊句型:A):notsomuch等as等与其说等不如说等Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果.答案为BB)no/notanymore等than等两者一样都不等 Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制.答案为D) Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan (答案为D)C)no/notanyless等than等两者一样,都等注意基本上与no/notanymore等than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮D)justas等so等正如等,等也等(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois(答案为C) 2.最高级形式应注意的问题:1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among.in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.注意:among等相当于oneof等,不说amongall等.这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来如:allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwelength.[A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用:anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关 键 词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误.如不能说:Johnrunasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同. 3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相当于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与"the+形容词最高级+of+名词"的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:HespokeinthewarmestofvoicesTheyhebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry.ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage 三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike5)表示时间,空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final6)表示极限,主次,等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,forite7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,plete.四.平行结构与比较级平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的.如:Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostauchastheposeratthemomentheposes. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly等but(also),prefer等to等,ratherthan有的是同类对比:and,but,or,both等and等,either等or等,neither等nor等.. 平行结构测试时候注意以下几点:1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同.如: Itisbettertodieone'eetthan.[A]livingonone'sknees[B]liveonone'sknees[C]onone'sknees[D]toliveonone'sknees(答案为D)Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构. 1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分.如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinapersonalstyle.[A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan答案为AForthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let'ssay(答案为B)2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略.如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothepositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials. (三)代词及其指代一致一.代词的指代1.that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof.如Conversationcallorawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcalloroccasional"digestivepauses"byboth.这里that指代前面的therole. Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor. 2.one的指代作用one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones.theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词.如:Agoodwriteriswhocanexpressthemonplaceinanunmonway.[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this答案为[C]3.do的替代作用.do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化.如: Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.二.代词指代一致问题代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性,数,格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致.Eachcigaretteapersonokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect.这里he指代前面的person.Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.这里its指代前面的两人的friendship.Ourdepartmentwaonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.这里me必须用宾格形式.代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律: 1.邻近和靠近原则由either等or,neither等nor,notonly等but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词,如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致.NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher.NeitherthepackagenorthelettershereachedtheirdestinationIfeitherDidorJaes,heorshewillwantadrink2.当noone,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,somethingeverything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式.如:Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice. Noneoftheboyscandoit,canheEverythingisready,isn'tit3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式,如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式.如:Theyeachhetwocoatsweareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数如:thetouristandbusinesenlosttheirluggageintheaccident(三)主谓一致问题主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致.把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语.解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则意义一致原则就近一致原则很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定.总结如下:一.谓语动词用单数的情况1.动名词短语,不定式短语,名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数.如:Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher.(1987年考研题)Tounderstandthesituationpletelyrequireorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhuar.2.表示时间,距离,金额,重量,面积,体积,容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数.TwoweekswastoolongFivetimeivemakestwentyfive3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数:lawandorder法制soapandwater肥皂水acupandsaucer茶杯碟子forkandknife刀叉theneedleandthread针线trialanderror反复尝试,不断摸索horseandcarriage马车timeandtide岁月breadandbutter奶油面包theebbandflow盛衰,潮涨潮落如:Iflawandordernotpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.A.isB.areC.wasd.were答案:A.4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage.5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数ThechaoswasstoppedbythepoliceThenewsisagreatencouragementtousAseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextweekend. 6.用and连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式BreadandbutterisourdailyfoodTimeandtidewaitornoman二.谓语用复数情况1.由and,both等and,连接的并列主语,和both,afew,many,several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式.FewpeopleknowheandIwereclasateswhenwewereatcollege.2.集体名词police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动词TheChinesepeoplearebreandhardworkingThecattlearegrazinginthesunshine3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数Thericharenotalwaysselfish5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况1.就近一致原则这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能:1)由连词either等or等,neither等nor等,whether等or等,notonly等but(also),or等连接的并列主语NeithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonmeNotonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致Blockingtheopen-sidedporch,framedbytheenvelopingfog,standsatallgre-facedpoliceman.Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacili2.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,acpaniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,binedwith,inadditionto,including,togetherwith等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致 ProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonanizedtoparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations.Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.(1981年考研题)3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致.如: Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothemunity.4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数.这些短语包括:alotof/lotsof,plentyof/heapsof,halfof,two-third(three-fourth等)of,eighty(ten,twenty等)percent,partof,restof,noneof等等Two-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomenLotsofdamagewascausedbythefire5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数.这些集体名词如:army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,family等等ThefamilyisthebasicunitofoursocietyThefamilywerewatchingtheTVTheaudiencewasenormousTheaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数: 第一组:agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数 第二组,thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数 neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数 第三组,morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数

第四组,thegreaterpartofalargeproportionof50%ofonethirdofplentyoftherestof 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致第五组,(n)either等(n)or等.notonly等..butalso等not等..but等谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致. 注意比较:MorestudentsthanonehebeenreferredtoMorethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook(四)倒装结构倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前,谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前.倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调.倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装.考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫.一.用全部倒装的情况全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面:1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out,down,in,up,away,on.如:Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.Upwenttheplane2)出于习惯用法:here,there,now,thus,hence,then.如:Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.HereisaticketforyouThereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityofwork注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装"whereisthecup""Hereitis!"Hereyouare.Therehees.3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装.这种情况多出现在主系表结构中.如:Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.二.采用部分倒装情况部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装:never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,invain,stillless.如: Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.(1985年考研题)注:1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do.如:Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly.(1983年考研题)2)考生要广义理解"句首"的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首.如:Suddenly,Gallup'snamewasoneveryone'slips,notonlywashetheprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction.2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装:onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlyonce,onlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause.如:Onlywhenyouheobtainedsufficientdataetoasoundconclusion.[A]canyou[B]wouldyou[C]youwill[D]youcan3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime.如:Soinvolvedwiththeirputersthatleadersatsummerputercampsoftenhetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B]beethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbee[D]dothechildrenbee(2001年考研题,答案为D)4.比较从句的倒装:as,than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以).注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装.如:Hydrogenburnuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Today'selectuiccarscannotgoaastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinebustion.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装1)肯定重复倒装用:soTheyhegotup,andsohasjack2)否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,nomoreIfyoudon'tagreetoourplan,neitherwillthey6."notonly..butalso"结构时,如果notonly放在句首,则前半句but(also)句子后面不倒装Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetobeingbroke.三.特殊的倒装结构特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装.出现这样的情况有以下几种可能:1.让步从句的倒装.1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如: MuchasIhetreled,Iheneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.Breastheyare,theyareafraidoffight2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,ewhatmay中.如:Whileit'struethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachdaysellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquiteoothly.[A]itbeing[B]beit[C]wasit[D]itwas(答案为B)3)nomatterhow(who等),however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如:Nomatterhowbusyheis,hehastoattendthemeetingHowevercolditis,healwaysgoesswimming.语法测试1.Shesaidthatshe__muchprogresssinceshecamehere.A.makesB.madeC.hemadeDhadmade2."What'sthematter,AliYoulooksad.""Oh,nothingmuch.Asamatteroffact,Imyfriendsbackhome."A.justthoughtB.hejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingD.hejustthought3.Sheonthisessayfortwentyminutesbutshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.A.willbeworkingB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.willheworked4.Themitteewillnotmakethedecisionuntilitthematter.A.hasinvestigatedB.investigatesC.willheinvestigatedD.investigated5.Careydidn'tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshethebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.A.musthelookedafterB.wouldhetolookafterC.hadtolookafterD.shouldhelookedafter6.fouryearssinceJohnleftschool.A.TheyhebeenB.ItisC.ItwasD.Thoseare7.Thecaratthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainatabout4o'clockthisafternoon.A.hasgoneB.hasnotgoneCwillbegoingD.hasbeengoing8.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we__inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.hestayedC.willhestayedD.hebeenstaying9.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed.A.hadproducedB.hebeenproducedC.wouldheproducedD.hadbeenproduced10.Thepresident__thedelegationattheairportbuthewastakenilllastnight,sothevice-presidentisgoingtoinstead.A.istomeetB.wastomeetC.hasbeentomeetD.wastohemet


语法测题答案与详解1.(D)根据时态一致的原则,间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致.该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完成时态,故应用过去完成时态.2.(C)通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故(C)是正确答案.3.(C)根据句意和时间状语fortwentyminutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以(C)是正确答案.4.(A)句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是(A).5.(C)从上下文的逻辑意义看,(C)项是唯一的正确答案.Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子.而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断:(A)作"准是看孩子了"讲,(D)作"本应该看孩子"讲,都不对,而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有(C)正确.6.(B)这是一个固定结构(或句型).本句也可说在"FouryearshepassedsinceJohnleftschool."或"hasbeenfouryearssinceJohnleftschoo1.''7.(C)until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了.本句完全可以用willgo因此,正确答案是(C).8.(C)bythetime引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时,若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时.这样,本道题目的正确答案是(C).9.(D)有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时.10.(B)由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是B).,so-font-kerning:0pt,mso-ascii-font-family:Arial,mso-hansi-font-family:Arial,mso-bidi-font-family:Arial">,比较连词与betterthan比较连词同时出现时候,不能省略任何一个介词.答案为AOnthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念,既是说比较要具有可比性.如: Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear'arathonwashalf.[A]oflastyear's[B]thoseoflastyear's[C]ofthoseoflastyear[D]thatoflastyear's(前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数"thenumberof"故代替它的应该是单数指示代词"that",而不能选择B,those是指代participants,不是同类对比,答案为D.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofdickenarmoreexcitingthanThackeray's.3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词,表示为"为等.若干倍",当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等,他们的位置是,倍数词+as等as等,或倍数词+more等than等,但again一般放在原级词之后,即"as+原级+again+as".如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents. [A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimeore[C]overseventimes[D]seventimes (答案为B)"Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarorthepainting""No,Iwouldgladlyhepaidforit."[A]twicesomuch[B]twiceauch[C]auchtwice[D]somuchtwice(答案为B)MyuncleisasoldagainasIam4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念: inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,paredwith,inparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan.如:Theirwatchistoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super[D]beneficial(答案为A)Priortohisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.(1986年考研题)5)"比较级+and+比较级"或"moreandmore/lessandless+原级"以及"ever,steadily,daily等副词+比较级"结构表示"越来越等"的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,bee等.前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中,注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如:Thingsaregettingworseandworse. AsIspoketohimhebecamelessandlessangry.Herhealthwasbeingdailyworse Theroadgoteverworseuntiltherewasnoroadatall等于theroadgotworseandworse. 6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,allthe(more)等修饰语用以加强语气,表示"更加"的意思.如 TodayitisevencolderthanyesterdayIheyetmoreexcitingneworyou7)有关比较级的特殊句型:A):notsomuch等as等与其说等不如说等Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthratesafallindeathrsasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but[D]or人口增长的主要原因与其说是因为出生率的提高,还不如说是因为医疗的进步带来的死亡率下降的结果.答案为BB)no/notanymore等than等两者一样都不等 Theheartisintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain. [A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore[D]nomore(心脏和胃两者都不具有智力,他们都受大脑控制.答案为D)Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan[D]anymorethan(答案为D)C)no/notanyless等than等两者一样,都等注意基本上与no/notanymore等than意思相反Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮D)justas等so等正如等,等也等(用倒装结构)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameis[C]sois[D]andsois(答案为C)2.最高级形式应注意的问题:1)最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among.in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较,如:inChina,allovertheworld. of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较,如:amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses. 注意:among等相当于oneof等,不说amongall等.这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来 如:allvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwelength. [A]Among[B]Of[C]For[D]To答案为[B]2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时,比较对象的范围应用: anyother+单数名词theother+复数名词theothersanyone/anythingelse上述词是用业将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关 键 词语,切不可遗漏,尤其是other,否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误.如不能说:Johnrunasterthananyone.注意与汉语表达的不同.3)most可以用来修饰形容词或副词,意思相于very,用法区分单复数,但不能用定冠词the,如:amostinterestingbook,mostexpensiverestaurants,要注意与"the+形容词最高级+of+名词"的结构表示的最高级的区别,如:Hespokeinthewarmestofvoices TheyhebeenmostkindtomeBasketballisthemostpopularofsportsinthiscountry. ChineseisthemostdifficultoflanguageChineseisamostdifficultlanguage三.不用比较级和最高级的形容词:1)表示颜色的有:white,black2)表示形态的有:round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形),level3)表示性质和特征的有:atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy 4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 5)表示时间,空间和方位的有:daily,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final 6)表示极限,主次,等级的有:maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chiefminor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,forite 7)含有绝对概念的有:absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,plete. 四.平行结构与比较级 平行结构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的.如: Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutsidethemusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoysitalmostauchastheposeratthemomentheposes. 大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的,有的是递进对比notonly等but(also),prefer等to等,ratherthan有的是同类对比:and,but,or,both等and等,either等or等,neither等nor等.. 平行结构测试时候注意以下几点: 1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同.如: Itisbettertodieone'eetthan. [A]livingonone'sknees[B]liveonone'sknees [C]onone'sknees[D]toliveonone'sknees (答案为D) Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit. 2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构. 1)ratherthan,letalone虽不是并列连词,但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分.如: Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleinapersonalstyle. [A]ratherthan[B]otherthan[C]betterthan[D]lessthan 答案为A Forthenewcountrytosurvive,foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired. [A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak[D]let'ssay (答案为B) 2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语,而且介词相同,一般说来第二个介词不要省略.如: Attimes,morecaregoesintothepositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials. (三)代词及其指代一致 一.代词的指代 1.that的指代作用 that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数,用those),后面通常跟有修饰语,如出现在比较结构中的thatof.如 Conversationcallorawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcalloroccasional"digestivepauses"byboth.这里that指代前面的therole. Nobreadeatenbymenissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor. 2.one的指代作用 one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词,复数为ones.theone指代带定冠词的单数可数名词.如: Agoodwriteriswhocanexpressthemonplaceinanunmonway. [A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this 答案为[C] 3.do的替代作用. do代替动词,注意数和时态的变化.如: Forhimtobere-elected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes. 二.代词指代一致问题 代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性,数,格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致. Eachcigaretteapersonokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseaseformitseffect. 这里he指代前面的person. Itwasduringthe1920'sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint. 这里its指代前面的两人的friendship. Ourdepartmentwaonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme. 这里me必须用宾格形式. 代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律: 1.邻近和靠近原则 由either等or,neither等nor,notonly等but(also)连接先行词时候,如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致,就用其相应的一直的人称代词,如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致. NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher. Neitherthepackagenorthelettershereachedtheirdestination IfeitherDidorJaes,heorshewillwantadrink 2.当noone,everyone,each,everybody,none,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything,nothing,somethingeverything等不定代词作主语时候,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式.如: Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice. Noneoftheboyscandoit,canhe Everythingisready,isn'tit 3.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式,如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式.如: Theyeachhetwocoats weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily 4.由and连接两个先行词,代词用复数 如:thetouristandbusinesenlosttheirluggageintheaccident (三)主谓一致问题 主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致.把握主谓一致问题,考生主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定,进而选择适当的谓语.解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则: 语法一致原则 意义一致原则 就近一致原则 很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致,在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则,具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定.总结如下: 一.谓语动词用单数的情况 1.动名词短语,不定式短语,名词性从句做主语,谓语用单数.如: Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheconesthatfithimorher. (1987年考研题) Tounderstandthesituationpletelyrequireorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhuar. 2.表示时间,距离,金额,重量,面积,体积,容积等度量的名词短语做主语时,谓语用单数. Twoweekswastoolong Fivetimeivemakestwentyfive 3.一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念,谓语用单数: lawandorder法制soapandwater肥皂水 acupandsaucer茶杯碟子forkandknife刀叉 theneedleandthread针线trialanderror反复尝试,不断摸索 horseandcarriage马车timeandtide岁月 breadandbutter奶油面包theebbandflow盛衰,潮涨潮落 如:Iflawandordernotpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe. A.isB.areC.wasd.were 答案:A. 4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 Linguisticsisabranchofstudyonhumanlanguage. 5.有些名词形式上是复数,意义上是单数,根据意义一致原则动词用单数 Thechaoswasstoppedbythepolice Thenewsisagreatencouragementtous Aseriesofdebatesbetweenthelectureswasscheduledforthenextweekend. 6.用and连接的成份表示一个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式 Breadandbutterisourdailyfood Timeandtidewaitornoman 二.谓语用复数情况 1.由and,both等and,连接的并列主语,和both,afew,many,several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式. FewpeopleknowheandIwereclasateswhenwewereatcollege. 2.集体名词police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动词 TheChinesepeoplearebreandhardworking Thecattlearegrazinginthesunshine 3.当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语,谓语动词用复数形式 TheJapanesewereonceveryaggressive 4.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人,做主语时候,谓语动词用复数 Thericharenotalwaysselfish 5.不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数 Threemilliontonsofcoalwereexportedthatyear 三.谓语动词可用单数,也可以用复数的情况 1.就近一致原则 这种情况下,谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数,存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能: 1)由连词either等or等,neither等nor等,whether等or等,notonly等but(also),or等连接的并列主语 Neithermoneynorfamehasinfluenceonme Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong 2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 Blockingtheopen-sidedporch,framedbytheenvelopingfog,standsatallgre-facedpoliceman. Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees. Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacili 2.主语带有(together/along)with,suchas,acpaniedby,aswellas,nolessthan,except,besides,with,binedwith,inadditionto,including,togetherwith等等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致 ProfessorTaylor,withsixofhisstudents,isattendingaconferenceinBostonanizedtoparecurrentpracticeintheUnitedStateswiththoseofothernations. Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.(1981年考研题) 3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中,谓语的数要与先行词一致.如: Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood. (1996年考研题) Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothemunity. (1990年考研题) 4.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数.这些短语包括:alotof/lotsof,plentyof/heapsof,halfof,two-third(three-fourth等)of,eighty(ten,twenty等)percent,partof,restof,noneof等等 Two-thirdsofpeoplepresentarewomen Lotsofdamagewascausedbythefire 5.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数,当表示整体时候,谓语动词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数.这些集体名词如:army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop.Crowd,firm,family等等 Thefamilyisthebasicunitofoursociety ThefamilywerewatchingtheTV Theaudiencewasenormous Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords 6.某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数: 第一组: agreatmany+可数名词复数谓语用复数 anumberof+可数名词复数谓语用复数 themajorityof+可数名词复数谓语用复数 第二组, thenumberof+可数名词复数谓语用单数 each/every+可数名词复数谓语用单数 neither/eitherof+可数名词复数谓语用单数 oneandahalf+可数名词复数谓语用单数 第三组, morethanone+可数名词单数谓语用单数 manya+可数名词单数谓语用单数 第四组, thegreaterpartof alargeproportionof 50%of onethirdof plentyof therestof 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致 第五组, (n)either等(n)or等. notonly等..butalso等 not等..but等 谓语的数与主语的第二部分(即(n)or/butalso/but引导的后面部分)一致. 注意比较: Morestudentsthanonehebeenreferredto Morethanonestudentisgoingtobuythisbook

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(四)倒装结构 倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前,谓语在后的正常语序排列,而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前.倒装是一种修辞手段,目的是为了强调.倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装,考试多为部分倒装.考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子能够认出来,避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫. 一.用全部倒装的情况 全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中,全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来,把谓语移到主语前面: 1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out,down,in,up,away,on.如: Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim. Upwenttheplane 2)出于习惯用法:here,there,now,thus,hence,then.如: Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell. Hereisaticketforyou Thereexistedacertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityofwork 注意:here,there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词,如果是人称代词则不需要倒装 "whereisthecup""Hereitis!" Hereyouare. Therehees. 3)有时主语较长,为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,主谓要全部倒装.这种情况多出现在主系表结构中.如: Lessimportantthaneverisdevelopingameaningfulphilosophyoflife. Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawhole,butfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness. 二.采用部分倒装情况 部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分(主要是助动词或系动词)放到句子主语前,构成部分倒装,而全部倒装则把句子的谓语(包括实义动词)都放在主语前 1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装: never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,invain,stillless.如: Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistocuson. Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate. (1985年考研题) 注:1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词,倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do.如: Littledidweexpectthathewouldfulfillhistasksorapidly. (1983年考研题) 2)考生要广义理解"句首"的概念,注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首.如: Suddenly,Gallup'snamewasoneveryone'slips,notonlywashetheprophetofthemoment,butitwasgenerallybelievedthathehadfoundedanewandmostimportantmethodofprediction. 2.以only修饰状语(副词,介词短语,状语从句)开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: onlythen,onlyatthattime,onlyonce,onlyinthisway,onlywith,onlythrough,onlyby,onlywhen,onlyafter,onlybecause.如: Onlywhenyouheobtainedsufficientdataetoasoundconclusion. [A]canyou[B]wouldyou[C]youwill[D]youcan 3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装: often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime.如: Soinvolvedwiththeirputersthatleadersatsummerputercampsoftenhetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames. [A]becamethechildren[B]beethechildren [C]hadthechildrenbee[D]dothechildrenbee (2001年考研题,答案为D) 4.比较从句的倒装: as,than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以).注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装.如: Hydrogenburnuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce. Today'selectuiccarscannotgoaastasgasoline-drivenvehiclesbecausethebatterydoesnotofferthesameamountofenergyasdoesgasolinebustion. Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody. 5.用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒装 1)肯定重复倒装用:so Theyhegotup,andsohasjack 2)否定重复倒装用:nor,neither,nomore Ifyoudon'tagreetoourplan,neitherwillthey 6."notonly..butalso"结构时,如果notonly放在句首,则前半句but(also)句子后面不倒装 Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetobeingbroke. 三.特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而往往是出于强调的需要,把强调部分移到句首,而其它部分顺序不需要改变,句子主谓不需要倒装.出现这样的情况有以下几种可能: 1.让步从句的倒装. 1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如: MuchasIhetreled,Iheneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob. Breastheyare,theyareafraidoffight 2).出现在句型be+主语+其他,ewhatmay中.如: Whileit'struethatweallneedacareer,preferablyaprofitableone,itisequallytruethatourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic. Thebusinessofeachdaysellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquiteoothly. [A]itbeing[B]beit[C]wasit[D]itwas(答案为B) 3)nomatterhow(who等),however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首.如: Nomatterhowbusyheis,hehastoattendthemeeting Howevercolditis,healwaysgoesswimming.

语法测试

1.Shesaidthatshe__muchprogresssinceshecamehere.

A.makesB.madeC.hemadeDhadmade

2."What'sthematter,AliYoulooksad.""Oh,nothingmuch.Asamatteroffact,Imyfriendsbackhome."

A.justthoughtB.hejustbeenthinkingC.wasjustthinkingD.hejustthought

3.Sheonthisessayfortwentyminutesbutshehaswrittenonlyaboutahundredwords.

A.willbeworkingB.workedC.hasbeenworkingD.willheworked

4.Themitteewillnotmakethedecisionuntilitthematter.

A.hasinvestigatedB.investigatesC.willheinvestigatedD.investigated

5.Careydidn'tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshethebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.

A.musthelookedafterB.wouldhetolookafterC.hadtolookafterD.shouldhelookedafter

6.fouryearssinceJohnleftschool.

A.TheyhebeenB.ItisC.ItwasD.Thoseare

7.Thecaratthepresentspeeduntilitreachesthefootofthemountainatabout4o'clockthisafternoon.

A.hasgoneB.hasnotgoneCwillbegoingD.hasbeengoing

8.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we__inEuropefortwoweeks.

A.shallstayB.hestayedC.willhestayedD.hebeenstaying

9.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed.

A.hadproducedB.hebeenproducedC.wouldheproducedD.hadbeenproduced

10.Thepresident__thedelegationattheairportbuthewastakenilllastnight,sothevice-presidentisgoingtoinstead.A.istomeetB.wastomeetC.hasbeentomeetD.wastohemet

语法测题答案与详解

1.(D)根据时态一致的原则,间接引语(或宾语从句)的时态应与主句的时态一致.该句中said是过去时所以that引导的宾语从句中也要用过去的某一种时态,而从句中since引导的时间状语从句表明其应为完成时态,故应用过去完成时态.

2.(C)通过上下文可以判定Ali看起来很难受很伤心,是因为刚才在进行的事情所导致的,所以用过去进行时较好,故(C)是正确答案.

3.(C)根据句意和时间状语fortwentyminutes,可以判断这里应填入现在完成时态,现在完成进行时是现在完成时态的强调形式,并且选项中没有现在完成时态,所以(C)是正确答案.

4.(A)句意表明委员会是在调查事件之后才会做出决定,调查应发生在决定之前,所以应用将来完成时态,但是在英语中,时间条件状语从句中的将来完成时态是由现在完成时来表示的,所以正确答案是(A).

5.(C)从上下文的逻辑意义看,(C)项是唯一的正确答案.Carey没有参加晚会,原因是给她姐姐照看小孩子.而(A)和(D)表示对过去发生的事情根据客观情况作出主观推断:(A)作"准是看孩子了"讲,(D)作"本应该看孩子"讲,都不对,而(B)表示动作发生在过去的将来,也不对,所以只有(C)正确.

6.(B)这是一个固定结构(或句型).本句也可说在"FouryearshepassedsinceJohnleftschool."或"hasbeenfouryearssinceJohnleftschoo1.''

7.(C)until引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来的意思,主句因此必须用一般将来时与之呼应,口语中常用将来进行时代替一般将来时表示预料即将发生或肯定发生的事,也可表示某件事已经决定了.本句完全可以用willgo因此,正确答案是(C).

8.(C)bythetime引导的时间状语从句中若谓语动词用现在时,则主句要用将来完成时,若谓语动词用过去时,则主句要用过去完成时,有时也可以用过去将来完成时.这样,本道题目的正确答案是(C).

9.(D)有具体表示过去某一时间段内业已发生的事件的时间状语,句子应该用过去完成时.

10.(B)由第一个句子中的but引导的转折句中所用的过去时,可以判断总统本要在机场接见代表团,表示计划要做某事在英语中可以用be+动词不定式来表达,故正确答案是b