TheCausesandPossibleSettlementofIPRConflictsbetweenChinaandUSA
等等等Student'sName
Supervisedby等
SubmittedtotheSchoolofForeignLanguages
InPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementfor
TheDegreeofBachelorofArtsinEnglish
BeijingForestryUniversity
June2007
外语学习的性别差异
英语02-1×××
指导老师:×××
摘 要
性别是第二语言习得和外语学习中学习者差异的重要因素之一,因此,语言性别差异的研究已经越来越受到重视.该论文通过对七十二名以英语为外语的大学生的调查问卷进行分析,研究性别差异对英语学习者的学习动机,策略运用,以及学习观念的影响,基于调查结果对英语教学提出建议.分析结果表明英语学习者在学习动机,策略运用,以及学习观念方面的确存在不同程度的性别差异.根据分析结果,
该研究建议教师通过各种课堂活动激发学生对英语国家文化的兴趣,针对男,女生性格差异,对其学习策略采取重点不同的培养和训练,并通过相互沟通的方式鼓励学生树立积极的学习态度,拓展适合于自己的学习方法.
关 键 词:性别差异,学习动机,策略运用,学习观念
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GenderDifferencesinForeignLanguageLearning
English02-1×××
Supervisor×××
Abstract
Genderisoneofthelearnervariablesthatmayplayanimportantroleinsecondlanguageacquisitionandforeignlanguagelearning,sothatresearchongenderdifferencesrelatedtolanguagehasattractedmoreandmoreattention.Thispaperexaminestheself-reportedstudyof72universitystudentslearningEnglishasaforeignlanguageinChina,andfocusesontheeffectsofgenderdifferencesonmotivation,theuseoflanguagelearningstrategiesandbeliefs,andteachingimplicationsareprovidedbasedontheresultofthesurvey.Theanalysisrevealsthatgenderdifferencesdoexistinmotivationoflearninglanguage,theuseoflanguagelearningstrategiesaswellasbeliefsaboutlanguagelearning.
Basedontheresultoftheanalysis,thestudysuggeststhattheteachersshouldtrytoarousetheinterestsofthestudentslearningthecultureofEnglish-speakingcountries,carryoutthestrategytrainingaccordingtothedifferencesofthecharactersofmaleandfemalestudents,andthroughmunicationwiththestudentsencouragethemtodeveloppositiveattitudetowardstheirstudyandexplorethemethodssuitabletotheirowncharacteristics.
KeyWords:Genderdifferences,motivation,learningstrategies,learners'beliefs
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
Abstract(Chinese)等等等等等等等等等.等.等等....i
Abstract(English)等等等等等.等等等.等等等等..ii
Acknowledgements等等等等等等等.等等等等等.....iii
ChapterOneIntroduction等..等等等等..等等等等等1
ChapterTwoTheoreticalFoundations等等等等等等等等3
2.1Motivation.......................................等.等等等.................................3
2.1.1Definition等.等等等等..等...等等等等等等等.3
2.1.2Taxonomies等等等等等等等等等等等等.4
2.2LearningStrategies等等等等等等等等等等等...5
2.2.1Definitions等等等等等等.等..等等.等等等等..5
2.2.2Taxonomies等等等等等..等等等等等等等..等5
2.3Learners'Beliefs等等.等等等等等等等等等......6
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References等等等等等等等等等等等等等等....21
Appendix等等等等等等等等等等等等..等等等23
ChapterOneIntroduction
Languageisatthecenterofhumanlife.Languagelearningandlanguageteachingarevitaltotheeverydaylivesofmillions.Allformsoflanguageteachingcouldbegreatlyimprovedifwehadabetterunderstandingofthelanguagelearnerandofthelanguagelearningprocessitself.Infact,manystudiesonEnglishlearnershebeenconductedinChina,whichindeedprovideteachersandresearcherswithadeepunderstandingoftheactualityofEnglishlearninginthiscountry.However,whileindividualdifferencesheattractedmoreandmoreattention,thefactorsthatcontributetotherelationshipbetweengenderandmotivation,languagelearningstrategies,andlearners'beliefshenotreceivedadequaterecognition.
Itisatthebeginningofthe20thcenturythatscholarsstartedtopayattentiontotherelationshipbetweengenderandlanguage.Researchongenderdifferencesrelatedtolanguagehaocusedoncognitivefunctions.Forexample,studieshebeenconductedonarietyofdifferencesamongyoungschoolchildren(Robinson,1996),collegestudents(StumpfandStanley,1996),andadults(HalpernandWright,1996)aswellassubjectswithaffectiveormunicativedisorder.Andotherstudiesarerelatedtolanguageproductionasinconversationandaddressedgenderdifferencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageoutput.ExamplesincludeMulacandLundell(1994)–writtendiscourse.
InChina,researchesongenderlanguagedatebacktothe1980's,whicharemainlyaboutdifferencesinmenandwomenlanguageforms.Mostscholarsputthefocusonlanguageformasrelatedtogender,eitherbyintroducingachievementadebyresearchesabroadorbyexploringgenderandlanguageaccordingtotheirownexperience.Andlater,someresearchersbroughtthestudyofgenderandlanguagetoabroaderscope.Fromthenon,therewasanobviousshiftfromexamininglanguageformtoexploringmunicationstrategiesandspeechstyle(e.g.XuLisheng,2000).等
(省略)
ChapterTwoTheoreticalFoundations
2.1Motivation
TheimportantinvolvementofmotivationinlearningEnglishasaforeignlanguagehasbeenestablishedforsometime.Therecanbelittledoubtthatmotivationisapowerfulfactorinforeignlanguagelearning:moststudiesinvestigatingtheeffectofmotivationhefoundarelativelystrongcorrelationbetweenmotivationandlanguagelearningsuccess,withmanyfindingmotivationtobethemostsignificantpredictorofachievement(e.g.Oxford,1993).Motivationhasalsobeenfoundtoaffecttheuseoflanguagelearningstrategies,withhighlymotivatedstudentsgenerallyemployingstrategieorefrequentlythanlesotivatedstudentsinmanytypesofforeignlanguageprograms(EhrmanandOxford,1989).
2.1.1Definitions
Althoughmotivationisatermfrequentlyusedinbotheducationalandresearchcontexts,thereislittleagreementastotheexactmeaningofthisconcept.Thetermhasanumberofdifferentinterpretations,andithasetobeusedindifferentwaysbydifferentpeople.
AsimpledefinitionisprovidedbyKeller(1983)incurrentpsychology:"motivationreferstothechoicespeoplemakeastowhatexperiencesorgoalstheywillapproachoroid,andthedegreeofefforttheywillexertinthatrespect"(CrookesandSchmidt,1991:481).Thisdefinitiongivesreadersaninitialideaaboutwhatmotivationis.Bythisdefinition,motivationincludeakingchoicesandexertingefforts.
Kanfer(1992)developedthedefinitionofmotivationbyindicatingthatmotivationrefersto"thedirectionofattentionaleffort,theproportionoftotalattentionaleffortdirectedtothetask(intensity),andtheextenttowhichattentionalefforttowardthetaskiaintainedovertime(persistence)".
(省略)
References
Bacon,S.M.&,Finneman,M.D.Sexdifferencesinself-reportedbeliefsaboutforeignlanguagelearningandauthenticoralandwritteninput.LanguageLearning.1992,4:471-495.
有关论文范文主题研究: | 关于知识产权的论文范文文献 | 大学生适用: | 在职研究生论文、函授论文 |
---|---|---|---|
相关参考文献下载数量: | 73 | 写作解决问题: | 写作参考 |
毕业论文开题报告: | 论文模板、论文目录 | 职称论文适用: | 刊物发表、职称评初级 |
所属大学生专业类别: | 写作参考 | 论文题目推荐度: | 优秀选题 |
Boyle,J.P.Sexdifferencesinlisteninocabulary.LanguageLearning.1985.2:273-284.
Brown,H.D.BreakingtheLanguageBarrier.InterculturalPress,Inc.1991.
Deci,E.L.&,R.M.Ryan.IntrinsicMotivationandSelf-DeterminationinHumanBehior.NewYork:Plenum.1985.
Ellis,R.UnderstandingSecondLanguageAcquisition.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.1985.
Halpern,D.F.&,Wright,T.M.Aprocess-orientedmodelofcognitivesexdifferences.LearningandIndividualDifferences.1996,1:3-24.
胡文仲跨文化交际与英语学习上海上海译文出版社2002(11):25-28.
束定芳,《现代外语教学——理论,实践与方法》.上海:上海外语教育出版,1996.
赵俊华,中学生英语学习观念的发展特点及性别差异研究广西:广西师范大学出版社2003.
注释模式如下:
Notes
[1]楼夷中美知识产权报告交锋财经》Hinkelman,DictionaryofInternationalTrade:HandbookoftheGlobalTradeCommunity.EconomicSciencePress,2002,p.58-p.59.
[3]姚欢庆郝学功"中美知识产权保护的冲突和解决办法的探讨"1998年第5期N.G.Mankiw,PrinciplesofEconomics(theSecondEdition).Beijing:BeijingUniversityPress,2004,p.102.
[5]Ibid
[6]杨叔进中美知识产权争端和新贸易协定及其影响当代中国研究年第期China'sActionPlanonIPRProtection2006(I).
english.enorth../system/2006/04/30/001294808.s.Retrieved2June2006.
北京林业大学本科毕业论文(设计)
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