网站原创托福阅读纯英语论文文献3
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Fuel-singtyres
Hysterectomy
Silicaextractedfromricehuskakeorgreenertyres
TYRESareremarkablepiecesofengineering.Athighspeedinslipperybendstheyprovideonlyafewsquarecentimetresofcontactwiththeroad,yettheyhelpadriversteersafelyaroundthecorner.Once,theyweremadeentirelyofnaturalrubber.Thesedaystheyalsocontainrubber-likepolymers,layersofsteelbraidingandtextilereinforcements,allofwhichimproveperformanceandcutfuelconsumption.NowPirelli,anItaliantyremaker,ianufacturingfuel-singtyresthataregreenerstillbyextractingoneoftheiringredientromricehusks.
Onegoodwaytosefuelistoreducerollingresistance,whichiscaused,inpart,byehicle'sweightrepeatedlysquashingitstyres.Asthetyresbouncetheyconvertkiicenergyintoheat,thuswastingit.Hysteresisloss,asthisisknown,canbereducedbymixingatyre'srubberwithpowderedmaterialthathasstrongchemicalbondsinit.
Inthepast,thematerialofchoicehasbeencarbonblack,asootysubstancemadebytheinpletebustionofpetroleumproducts.Morerecently,silica(silicondioxide,whicheromsand)hasetotheforefront.Silicaisbetterbecauseitlowershysteresislosswithoutreducingatyre'sgrip.Itthuscutsrollingresistancebyaround30%,paredwithitspredecessor.Thattranslatesintoa5-7%reductioninfuelconsumption.Andsilicaalsoincreasesatyre'swetgrip.
Brazilbouncesback
Sandischeap.Butprocessingitintosomethingsuitableforuseintyresrequireseffortandmoney.Soifnatureweretoprovidegrainsofsilicasuitableforusewithoutprocessing,thatwouldbeabonus.Andnaturedoes.Grassescontaintinypiecesofsilica,calledphytoliths(illustratedabove),whosejobistodiscourageherbivores,bothvertebrateandinsect.Pirelli'sengineersrealisedthatthesedefensiveweaponsaretheidealsizetoaddtotyresinordertocontrolhysteresisloss,andthatareadysupplyofthemisailableinthehusksleftoverfromthemillingofrice.
Ricehuskswereoncewaste.Thesedaystheyhesomevaluebecausetheyareusedauelinall-scaleelectricitygenerators.ButfromPirelli'spointofview,thatisagoodthing,becausewhatthefirmisinterestedinisthephytolithsleftbehindintheash—anduntilnowtheashitselfreallywaswaste.ThefirmhassetupafactoryinMeleiro,atowninarice-growingareaofsouthernBrazil,toextractphytolithsandputthemintyres.Theasheromricehusksburnedtohelppowerthefactory.
| 有关论文范文主题研究: | 关于纯英语的论文例文 | 大学生适用: | 在职研究生论文、硕士学位论文 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 相关参考文献下载数量: | 11 | 写作解决问题: | 写作资料 |
| 毕业论文开题报告: | 标准论文格式、论文小结 | 职称论文适用: | 刊物发表、职称评副高 |
| 所属大学生专业类别: | 写作资料 | 论文题目推荐度: | 最新题目 |
Atonneofriceproducesaround200kgofhusksandthose,inturn,yield40kgofsilica.AccordingtoDanieleLorenzetti,whoisinchargeoftheproject,by2016thefactorywillbeprovidingnearlyathirdofthesilicaPirellineedorthe400,000tonnesoftyresitmakesinBrazil.
Thetechnologycouldspreadfast,especiallyinotherrice-growingareas.ForBraziliansthatwouldheadeliciousirony.TheAmazonrainforestwastheoriginalhomeofrubbertrees,butBrazil'srubberindustrywasdevastatedwhenseedsuggledtoAsiawereusedtosetuprivalplantations.BytakinganAsiancropandusingittomakebettertyres,theywillbegettingtheirownback.
来源于:小马过河
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