土木工程施工复习资料第一部分

第一部分自学指导

第1章:土木工程的基本知识

一、主要内容

1.土木工程中的职业

2.现代建筑和结构材料

3.公路测量

4.预应力混凝土

5.结构设计原理

6.土木工程合同

二、重点

1.土木工程中的职业(CareersinCivilEngineering)

2.现代建筑和结构材料(ModernBuildingsandStructuralMaterials)

3.公路测量(HighwaySurvey)

4.预应力混凝土(PrestressedConcrete)

5.结构设计原理(PhilosophyofStructuralDesign)

6.土木工程合同(CivilEngineeringContracts)

三、难点

1.课文翻译.

2.单词记忆.

第2章:公路与交通工程

一、主要内容

1.交通运输系统

2.公路定线

3.线形设计

4.立交与互通式立交

5.路面

6.沥青面层

7.公路排水

8.高速公路

9.公路施工

二、重点

1.交通运输系统(TransportationSystem)

2.公路定线(HighwayLocation)

3.线形设计(DesignoftheAlignment)

4.立交与互通式立交(GradeseparationsandInterchanges)

5.路面(Pement)

6.沥青面层(BituminousSurfaceCourses)

7.公路排水(HighwayDrainage)

8.高速公路(Freeways)

9.公路施工(HighwayConstruction)

三、难点

1.课文翻译.

2.单词记忆.

第二部分复习思考题

一、单选题:

1.Computersare________unlesstheyaregivenclearandaccurateinstructionsandinformation.

A.usedB.uselessC.usefulD.uselessly

2.Active______forengineersoftenbeginsbeforethestudent'slastyearintheuniversity.

A.employB.recruitingC.hireD.firing

3.Forthestudentwhoispreparingtobeea________engineer,thesespecializedcourseaydealwithsuchsubjectsasgeodeticsurveying,soilmechanics.

A.puterB.socialC.civilD.chemical

4.Thecivilengineermayworkinresearch,design,construction,________,maintenance,oreveninsales.

A.analysisB.supervisionC.planD.fee

5.Civilengineersworkonmanydifferentkindsof.

A.buildingsB.projectsC.structuresD.roads

6.Indesigningbuildings,civilengineersoftenworkas________toarchitecturalorconstructionfirms.

A.workersB.consultantsC.employeesD.students

7.Dams,bridgesandotherlargeprojectsordinarilyemployseveralengineerswhoseworkiscoordinatedbya________engineerwhoisinchargeoftheentireproject.

A.mainB.chiefC.masterD.systems

8.Constructionisa________processonalmostallengineeringprojects.

A.simpleB.plicatedC.easyD.likely

9.Inpression,thematerialis________together.

A.stretchedB.apartC.pushedD.tense

10.Whenasawcutseasilythroughapieceofwood,thewoodis.

A.intensionB.inpressionC.inpressD.inpush

11.Wedefined________asthetendencyofamaterialtofracturealongthelinesofstress.

A.tensionB.pressionC.pushD.shear

12.Theprincipalconstructionmaterialsofearliertimeswerewoodand________,

stone,ortile,andsimilarmaterials.

A.steelB.aluminumC.masonrybrickD.plastic

13.Moderncementisamixtureof.

A.bricksB.limestoneandclayC.woodandashD.plastic

14.Concreteisvery.

A.constantB.thesameC.definiteD.versatile

15.Steelhasgreattensilestrengthwhileconcretehasgreatpressivestrength,thus,thetwosubstances________eachother.

A.counteractB.offsetC.plementD.nullify

16.Onesystemthathelps________concreteweighttosomeextentusespolymers.

A.cutB.accelerateC.addD.keep

17.Theretentionmoneyservestoinsure________againstanydefectsthatmayariseinthework.

A.themanagerB.thecontractorC.thecarrierD.theemployer

18.Thecivilengineeringworkmustbepletedtothesatiactionoftheemployer,orhis.

A.wifeB.friendC.lawyerD.representative

19.Formoderateandlongerhauls,self-loadingscraperspulledbyrubber-tiredhaulingunitsandpush-loadedbytractorsoffer________cost.

A.higherB.lowerC.thesameD.different

20.Highwaymaintenanceactivitiescanbegroupedandclassifiedaccording________thepurposeofthetreatment.

A.withB.forC.forwardD.to

21.Engineeringisaprofession,whichmeansthatanengineermustheaspecialized______education.

A.elementaryschoolB.highschoolC.middleschoolD.university

22.Inmostcases,thetendermaybe______atanytimeuntilithasbeenaccepted.

A.confirmedB.withdrawnC.admittedD.continued

23.Currenttrendistorequirestudentstotakecoursesinthe______scienceandthelanguagearts.

A.puterB.chemicalC.socialD.biology

24.Thelawrelatingtocontractsimposesoneachpartytoacontract______toperform.

A.anirksometaskB.aneasyexperiment

C.agoodplanD.alegalobligation

25.Indeed,thecivilengineer'schoiceis______andvaried.

A.allB.fineC.largeD.tiny

26.Roadbeds______highwaypementstructuresandtheballastandtrackonwhichtrainove.

A.lieaboveB.underlieC.lieleftD.lieright

27.Constructioncanbevery.

A.dangerousB.safeC.easyD.secure

28.Wherematerialiovedlessthanabout60morsteeplydownhill,driftingwithatrackorwheeltypebulldozeris.

A.cheapestB.expensiveC.unknownD.thesame

29.Thrustisthepressureexertedbyeachpartofastructureon.

A.itsotherpartB.itselfC.thewallD.theground

30.Theweightofallthepeople,cars,furniture,andmachinesandsoonthatthestructurewillsupportwhenitisinuseis.

A.deadloadB.liveloadC.impactD.safetyfactor

31.Intension,thematerialis.

A.pressedB.pulledapartC.pushedD.pressed

32.Infillsconstructedbyenddumpingorbyplacinginthicklayers,material,density,andmoisturecontentcould______greatlyfromonespottoanother.

A.bethesameB.bealikeC.varyD.beequal

33.Both______,thetwomostimportantconstructionmaterialsofmoderntimes,wereintroducedinthenieenthcentury.

A.steelandcementB.woodandbrick

C.stoneandtileD.ashandplastic

34.Thetotalstationisusedtomeasureanglesinbothverticalandhorizontalplanes,andtheleveltomeasure.

A.distancesB.centralanglesC.elevationdifferenceD.length

35.The______vehicleisacreatorofaccidents.

A.advantageB.defectiveC.meritD.failure

36.Prestressedconcreteisan______formofreinforcement.

A.originalB.improvedC.sameD.low

37.Asimplecontractconsistsofanagreemententeredintoby.

A.engineersB.oneparty

C.panyD.twoormoreparties

38.______changewouldresultindifferentialsettlementorswellbetweenadjacentareas.

A.WeightB.VolumeC.AreaD.No

39.Therearetwobasicprocedureorcontrollingtheembankmentdensity:'mannerandmethod'and''.

A.resultB.binationC.layerthicknessD.moisturecontrol

40.Amainsourceofaccidents,theproblemof______drivingisthemostseriousofall.

A.drinkB.drinkingC.drunkenD.drank

41.Computerprogrammingisnowincludedinalmostallengineering______.

A.coursesB.curriculaC.lessonsD.areas

42.Therelationshipbetweenengineeringandsocietyisgetting________.

A.higherB.fartherC.closerD.lower

43.Typesofcontractsarevirtuallyclassifiedbytheir______system:(1)price-basedand(2)cost-based.

A.constructionB.designC.tenderD.payment

44.Computerscan'tsolveplicatedproblemsunlesstheyaregiven______.

A.agoodair-conditionB.ayoungcivilengineer

C.agoodputerengineerD.agoodprogram

45.Inrecentyears,rippershebeenusedsuccesullyto______looseorfracturedrock.

A.breakdownB.breakevenC.breakupD.breakaway

46.Civilengineeringprojectsarealmostalways______.

A.distinctiveB.thesimilarC.alikeD.thesame

47.Usuallythereare______easyanswersonequipmentselection.

A.someB.manyC.noD.much

48.______forceactsupanddown.

A.VerticalB.HorizontalC.RotatingmotionD.Turningmotion

49.Layeredconstructionalsoproducedgreateruniformityinthematerial______andinitsdensityandmoisturecontent.

A.himselfB.myselfC.themselvesD.itself

50.Theactualcostofanysinglehighwaytrafficaccidentisextremely______todetermine.

A.easyB.liableC.difficultD.apt

51.Basically,causesofautomobileaccidentscanbecategorized______fourmajorgroups.

A.inB.toC.onD.into

52.Electronicdistancemeasuring(EDM)notonlycanmeasurethedistancebetweenobjectsbutalsodetermine.

A.thedirectionB.thesizeC.thefrequencyD.thewidth

53.______therecentimprovementinvisibilityarewraparoundwindshieldsandnarrowedroofsupportpillars.

A.TwoofB.OftwoC.TwoD.Two,of

54.Thereisagreatdealthattheactualhighwaydesignercan______preventaccident.

A.doB.todoC.dotoD.to

55.Tooidthedrivingafterdrinking,oneofthemethodsis.

A.lawstudyB.breathtestC.takeanexamD.drivingstudy

56.Itissuitableforremotesensingtechniquetobeusedforhighwaylocationin.

A.tropicalrainforestB.areasbetweentallbuildings

C.mountainouscountrywithoutforestD.plainswithuniformshade

57.Theinformationontheaerialphotographscanbeconvertedintomapswiththehelpofstereoscopeswhichisabletoseeobjectsin.

A.onedimensionB.twodimensions

C.threedimensionsD.alldirections

58.Thenormalsteeldoesnotexertanyforceofitsownonthemember,______totheactionofprestressingsteel.

A.similarB.contraryC.parableD.likely

59.Theextensiveuseofprestressedstructureshasbeenduein______allmeasurestotheadvancesinthetechnology.

A.noB.soC.suchD.some

60.Theemployerselectsthecontractorfortheprojectby.

A.tenderB.advertisementC.governmentD.bidding

61.Manydifferentandgovernmentagencieshepetedfortheservicesofengineersinrecentyears.

A.corporationsB.institutesC.unitsD.offices

62.Civilengineerayprefertoworkwithoneofthegovernmentagenciesthatwithwaterresources.

A.doesB.dealsC.livesD.argues

63.Itisnormalpracticeforengineertospecializeinjustonekind.

A.oneB.aC.anD.the

64.Constructioninvolvestheworkandutilizingtheequipmentandthematerialssothatcostsarekeptasaspossible.

A.highB.preciousC.lowD.expensive

65.Forexample,areoftenbuiltinwildrivervalleysorges.

A.buildingsB.damsC.bridgesD.tunnels

66.Electricalandmechanicalengineersworkontheofthepowerhouseanditsequipment.

A.designB.buildingC.structureD.power

67.InRome,mostofthepeoplelivedin,greattenementblocksthatwereoftentenstorieshigh.

A.outdoorB.insulseC.theseaD.theground

68.Theprospectivecivilengineershouldbeawareofthephysicalthatwillbemadeonhimorher.

A.conditionsB.testC.courseD.demands

69.Muchoftheworkofcivilengineeringiscarriedon.

A.indoorsB.intheskyC.outdoorsD.underground

70.Inaddition,thebuildingofskyscrapers,bridgesandtunnelustalsoprogressunderallkindsofconditions.

A.designB.economicC.weatherD.water

71.TheRomansalsousedanaturalcementcalledpozzolana,madefrom,thatbecameashardasstoneunderwater.

A.steelB.volcanicashC.aluminumD.plastic

72.Differentproportionsoftheingredientsproduceconcretewithstrengthandweight.

A.differentB.thesameC.similarD.unknown

73.concretehaadeitpossibletodevelopbuildingswithunusualshapes.

A.PrestressedB.ReinforcementC.MixtureD.Steel

74.Themodernengineermustalsounderstandthestressestowhichthematerialsinastructurearesubject.

A.alikeB.similarC.differentD.thesame

75.Today,scientificdatapermittheengineertomakecarefulcalculations.

A.inaccuratelyB.innotrendC.lateD.inadvance

76.Theforcewhichtheliveloadwillbeexertedonthestructureis.

A.deadloadB.liveloadC.impactD.safetyfactor

77.Whenasawbeginstobind,thewoodisbecausethefibersinitarebeingpushedtogether.

A.inpressionB.intensionC.inpullapartD.instretching

78.rodsarebentintotheshapestogivethemthenecessarydegreeoftensilestrength.

A.ConcreteB.BrickC.PlasticD.Steel

79.Manygreatbuildingsbuiltinearlieragesaremassivestructureswith.

A.aluminumwallsB.thickstonewalls

C.steelwallsD.plasticwalls

80.Weallenterintocontractsalmosteverydayforthesupplyfgoods,etc.

A.educationBtransportationC.friendshipD.wedding

81.Somecontractustbemadeinaparticulartobeenforceable.

A.fileB.shapeC.patternD.form

82.Onceapersonhassignedadocumentheisassumedtoheitscontents.

A.likedB.approvedC.opposedD.hated

83.Bysettingdownthetermsofacontractinwritingonesecuresoiding.

A.disputesB.troublesC.scufflesD.sufferings

84.Inanentirecontract,whereagreestopayacertainsuminreturnforcivilengineeringwork..

A.themanagerB.thecontractorC.thecarrierD.theemployer

85.isnotentitledtoanypaymentifheabandonstheworkpriortopletion.

A.ThemanagerB.ThecontractorC.ThecarrierD.Theemployer

86.Thecontractorisnotentitledtoreceivepaymentinuntiltheworkissatiactorilypleted.

A.fullB.partC.1\3D.1\4

87.Atenderisnormallyrequiredtobeadefinite.

A.orderB.billC.offerD.license

88.Generally,civilengineeringcontractsprovidefortheissueofatvariousstagesoftheworks.

A.progresschartB.interimcertificatesC.progressreportD.interimreport

89.Itdoesnotgivetheemployertherighttodemandanhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

A.unusuallyB.usuallyC.ordinarilyD.unchangeable

90.Theemployerdoesnotusuallybindhimselftoacceptthelowestorindeedanytenderandthisisoftenstatedinthe.

A.bookB.referenceC.advertisementD.novel

91.Acontracthasbeendefinedasanagreementwhichdirectlycreatesandcontemplates.

A.ademandB.agameC.anobligationD.anengagement

92.Whenweenterintocontractswearewillingtofortheservicewereceive.

A.enjoyB.heC.payD.appreciate

93.Ifthereisnowrittenagreementandarisesinrespectofthecontract.

A.amendmentB.anappointmentC.adisputeD.aquarrel

94.Therubber-tiredtractorunitshedifficultyinoperatingon,slipperyroadbeds.

A.looseB.dryC.driedD.wet

95.Therearevariablesinearthmoving.

A.manyB.lessC,differentD.no

96.Thetermdescribesthefilladdedabovethelowpointsalongtheroadwaytoraisetheleveltothebottomofthepementstructure.

A.siteclearingB.excationC.earthmovingD.embankment

97.Materialformonlyeromroadwaycutsordesignatedborrowareas.

A.excationB.embankmentC.earthmovingD.siteclearing

98.controlislargelyamatterofconductingthespecifiedprocedure.

A.TechniquesB.DevicesC.FieldD.Moisture

99.Modernpracticerequiresthatembankmentconstructionbeexecutedandcontrolled.

A.carefullyB.urgentlyC.easilyD.hardly

100.Constructionofpementoverhighfillsoftenwaorayearormoreafterpletionofthefilltoallowthesettlementtooccur.

AaheadB.deferredC.advancedD.thesametime

101.Nearlyvegetablemattershouldberemovedfromtheoriginalgroundandfillmaterial.

A.noB.allC.notallD.some

102.Atrackorwheeltypebulldozeristoearthmovingofconsiderablylonghauls.

A.usedB.suitableC.adaptedD.notsuitable

103.Looserockishandledbyunitsasisdonewith'mon'excation.

A.tractor-scraperB.push-loadedscraperC.powershovelD.roller

104.Thehighwaycanrequirementalandresponse.

A.physicalB.chemicalC.socialD.phonological

105.Theneedsgeneratedbythegreatincreasevehiclenumbersandkilometersofroadhegivenrisetomajorresearchprogramsintrafficplanning.

A.onB.atC.underD.in

106.Terminologyconcernedhighwaypreservationvariesconsiderablyfromcountrytocountry.

A.inB.withC.withoutD.through

107.Highwayimprovementisalsoakeyfactorpreventingaccidents.

A.offB.inC.onD.at

108.Theactualdegreeofsafetyoneexperiencesonagivenhighwayisdeterminedbydecisionadeonlevels.

A.sameB.differentC.distinguishedD.undistinguished

109.Publicagenciestypicallydictatethemajorconstraintswithinwhichthesedesigndecisionsaremade.

A.tobeB.beenC.betoD.being

110.Finally,individualmotoristakedecisionsregardingtheirownsafetytheyselectspeed,routefortheircars.

A.atB.toC.asD.in

111.Safehighwaysareanditappearsthatthedrivingpublicdoesnotwantsafehighways.

A.inexpensiveB.cheapC.expensiveD.cost

112.Peopledonotwanttopaythecostsandsuffertherestrictionsnecessarytoproduceintraffic.

A.safetyB.dangerousC.urgentD.safe

113.Itisoftentodeterminethetrueconditionofehicleafteracrash.

A.impossibleB.easyC.possibleD.apt

114.Nofiguresailabletojustifyit.

A.isB.areC.amD.was

115.Forthedriver'svision,inthebodyoftheautomobile,bothsideandrearwindowshebeengreatlyinarea.

A.shortenedB.lackedC.allD.enlarged

116.Anotherimprovementindrivervisibilityistheintroductionoftheremote-controlledrearviewmirror.

A.insideB.outsideC.undergroundD.top

117.Thesafeperformanceofthebrakesystemhightemperatureshasbeenensured.

A.inB.atC.underD.on

118.Relocationandreductionintheheightofthebrakepedalhaeantthatthebrakecanbeappliedrapidly.

A.muchB.moreC.lotD.rather

119.Theuseofuniformtrafficcontroldeviceswillreducedriverreactiontimeconfusion.

A.aswellasB.asgoodasC.auchasD.aslongas

120.Removal,relocationandredesignoffixedobstructions,canprovideaclearareaforvehiclesoutofcontrol.

A.safeB.hazardousC.recoveryD.dangerous

121.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersprotectingthedriverandhispassengers.

A.inB.uponC.underD.up

122.Thehighwayconstructionmayalsocauseimpactsonthesurroundings.

A.helpfulB.forableC.profitableD.adverse

123.Thedesignedhighwayalignmentmustmeetthetechnicalofthehighwayengineering.

A.strategyB.standardC.philosophyD.policy

124.isagapgradedmaterialwithlesscoarseaggregate.

A.HotrolledasphaltB.PorousasphaltC.AsphalticconcreteD.Densebitumenmacadam

125.Inthiscase,layerthickness,moisturecontrol,andthenumberofpassesbyarollerofspecifiedtypeandweightare.

A.predeterminedB.notdeterminedC.unknownD.postdetermined

126.istheconventionallocationtechniqueforhighway.

A.RemotesensingB.GroundsurveyC.TotalstationD.Photogrammetry

127.Aisonlyusedformeasuringtheverticalheightsofobjects.

A.levelB.totalstationC.transitD.tape

128.IfPartyAmissionsPartyBtoexecutetheconstructionwork,thenPartyBisreferredtoas.

A.theemployerB.thecontractorC.thetendererD.thecarrier

129.Theforce-accountworkshouldbecheckedandapproveddailyby.

A.theemployerB.thecontractorC.thecarrierD.bothAandB

130.isnotadvantageofhighwaytransportation.

A.FastspeedB.Flexibility

C.Providingdoor-to-doorserviceD.Carryingarietyofparcelsizes

二、填空题:

131.Engineersoftenworkastoarchitecturalorconstructionfirms.

132.Youngengineeraychoosetogointoorsanitaryengineering.

133.Itissufficientinordertocreatealegally,ifthepartiesexpresstheiragreementandintentiontoenterintosuchacontract.

134.Onepartytothecontractiorbreachofcontractifhefailstoperformhispartoftheagreement.

135.thesiteprecedesallgradingandmostotherconstructionoperations.

136.Looserockincludeaterialssuchasrock,orearthmixedwithboulders.

137.Noattemptwaadetocontrolcontentortosecurepaction.

138.Theofwindshieldwipers,freshairventilatingsystems,hadresultingreatervehiclesafety.

139.Thesafeperformanceofthebrakesystemhasbeenensuredbytheuseofbrakefluid.

140.Relocationandreductioninheightofthebrakehaeantthatthedriver'stotalreactiontimehasbeenreduced.

141.Areasofresearchconnectedwithcivilengineeringincludesoilmechanicsand______techniques.

142.Moderncement,called______,wasinventedin1824.

143.Materialforembankmentmonlyeromroadwaycutsordesignated______.

144.Causesofautomobileaccidentscanbecategorizedintofourmajorgroups:thevehicles,theroad,thedriver,the______.

145.Anotherimprovementindrivervisibilityistheintroductionoftheremote-controlledoutside______mirror.

146.Rocknearlyalwayustbedrilledandblasted,thenloadedwithafront-endloaderor______intotrucksorotherhaulingunits.

147.Thethreeforcesthatcanactonastructureare,horizontalforce,andthosethatactuponitwitharotatingorturningmotion.

148.Highwaypementsaredividedintotwomaincategories:______andflexible.

149.Flexiblepementsarefurtherdividedintothreesubgroups:hightype,______,andlowtype.

150.Theconstructingstepsofthetransportationsystemaretoplan,design,build,operateand_____.

151.Theunitpricecontractisadaptedtohighwayengineering,becauseusuallyitisnotpossibletodetermineexactquantitiesofsomeitemsofwork______constructionispleted.

152.Theword'contract'isderivedfromtheLatin'contractum',meaning______together.

153.Asastructuralmaterial,theenormousadvantageofsteelisits______.

154.______isthedominanttransportationmodeinpassengertrel.

155.ThePortlandcementconcretemonlyusedforrigidpementsconsistsofPortlandcement,coarseaggregate,______,water.

156.Rigidhighwaypementcanbedividedintothreegeneraltypes:plainconcretepements,simplyreinforcedconcreteand______pements.

157.Thesimplestandgenerallyleastcostlyformofinterchangeisthe______.

158.Ifdistancesaregreatandtimeisatapremium,______transportationwillbeselected.

159.Signingforfreewaysshouldbeplannedconcurrentlywiththe______design.

160.Majordrainagestructuresareusuallylargebridgesandmulti-span______.

161.Theweightofthestructureitselfisknownas.

162.concreteisanimprovedformofreinforcement.

163.Asimplecontractconsistsofanenteredintobytwoormoreparties.

164.Thissumisknownas'money'andservestoinsuretheemployeragainstanydefectsthatmayariseinthework.

165.Thus,trainingcanbeacquiredtotranslatetheoryintopracticetothesupervisors.

166.Largeprojectsordinarilyemployseveralengineerswhoseworkiscoordinatedbya.

167.Trafficloadsaretranerredbythewearingsurfacetotheunderlyingsupportingmaterialsthroughtheinterlockingofaggregates,thefrictionaleffectof,andcohesionofthefinematerials.

168.Excationistheprocessoflooseningandremovingearthorrockandtransportingittoafillortoa.

169.Whenplanningastructure,anengineermusttakeintoaccountfourfactors:deadload,,impactandsafetyfactor.

170.Thenewdesignstandardsrequirerailsandotherstructurestolessenehicle'simpact.

171.Peopleselecttocarryimportantgoodswhentimeisatapremium.

172.Thebenefit-costratiomethodisusedforevaluatingtheandenvironmentalfeasibilityofthealternativeroutes.

173.Auniquebridgesiteoramountainpassalsomatbeeaprimary.

174.Theradiusofatangentis,andthatofacurveiinite.

175.Usingcollector-distributorroadscanovereweingmovementoftheinterchange.

三、阅读理解题:

PassageOne

Researchisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofscientificandengineeringpractice.Aresearcherusuallyworksasamemberofateamwithotherscientistsandengineers.Heorsheisoftenemployedinalaboratorythatiinancedbygovernmentorindustry.Areasofresearchconnectedwithcivilengineeringincludesoilmechanicsandsoilstabilizationtechniques,andalsothedevelopmentandthetestingofnewstructuralmaterials.

176.Researchisoneof______aspectsofscientificandengineeringpractice.

A.themostuseless

B.themostimportant

C.themostunnecessary

177.Aresearcherisoftenemployed.

A.onafarm

B.inalibrary

C.inalaboratory

178.Aresearcherusuallyworksasamemberofateamwith.

A.farmersandscientists

B.engineersandfarmers

C.scientistsandengineers

179.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludeonlysoilmechanicsandsoilstabilization,butalsothedevelopmentofnewstructuralmaterials

B.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludesoilmechanicsandsoilstabilization

C.Civilengineeringresearchdoesn'tincludethedevelopmentofnewstructuralmaterials

PassageTwo

Thecurrenttendencyistodeveloplightermaterials.Aluminum,forexample,weighuchlessthansteelbuthaanyofthesameproperties.Aluminumbeamshealreadybeenusedforbridgeconstructionandfortheframeworkofafewbuildings.

Attemptsarealsobeingmadetoproduceconcretewithmorestrengthanddurability,andwithalighterweight.Onesystemthathelpscutconcreteweighttosomeextentusespolymers,whicharelongchainlikepoundsusedinplastics,aspartofthemixture.

180.Thecurrenttrendofstructuralmaterialsis.

A.todevelopheiermaterials

B.todeveloplightermaterials

C.todeveloplesaterials

181.Aluminumweighs.

A.muchlessthansteel

B.thesameassteel

C.muchheierthansteel

182.Aluminumhas.

A.nopropertiesofsteel

B.fewpropertiesofsteel

C.manyofthesamepropertiesofsteel

183.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.Aluminumbeamscan'tbeusedforbridgeconstruction

B.Aluminumbeamscanbeusedfornotonlybridgeconstructionbutalsotheframeworkofafewbuildings

C.Aluminumbeamscan'tbeusedfortheframeworkofafewbuildings

PassageThree

Steelandconcretealsoplementeachotherinanotherway:theyhealmostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion.Theythereforecanworktogetherinsituationswherebothpressionandtensionarefactors.Steelrodsareembeddedinconcretetomakereinforcedconcreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionwilldevelop.Concreteandsteelalsoformsuchastrongbonds—theforcethatunitesthem—thatthesteelcannotslipwithintheconcrete.Stillanotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acidcorrodessteel,whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.

184.Steelandconcretehe.

A.differentrateofcontraction

B.differentrateofexpansion

C.almostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion

185.Reinforcedconcreteis.

A.steelrodswhichareembeddedinconcretebeams

B.concretewhichisembeddedinsteelrods

C.steelrodswhichreactwithconcrete

186.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.steelcanrustinconcrete

B.concretecancorrodesteel

C.steeldoesnotrustinconcrete

187.Concretehas.

A.somekindofchemicalthatcorrodessteel

B.analkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid

C.somekindofacid

PassageFour

Theemployerorpromoterofcivilengineeringworksnormallydeterminestheconditionsofcontract,whichdefinetheobligationsandperformancesbysomeformofpetitivetenderingandanycontractorwhosubmitsasuccesultenderandsubsequentlyentersintoacontractisdeemedinlawtohevoluntarilyacceptedtheconditionsofcontractadoptedbythepromoter.

Theobligationsthatacontractoracceptswhenhesubmitsatenderaredeterminedbytheformoftheinvitationtotender.Inmostcasesthetendermaybewithdrawnatanytimeuntilithasbeenacceptedandmay,eventhen,bewithdrawniftheacceptanceisstatedbythepromotertobe'subjecttoformalcontract'asisoftenthecase.

188.Theconditionsofcontractarenormallydeterminedby.

A.thegovernmentofficial

B.thecontractor

C.thepromoter

189.Thisconditionsdefinetheobligationsandperformancestowhich______willbesubject.

A.theemployer

B.theofficial

C.thecontractor

190.Theobligationsthat______acceptswhenhesubmitsatenderaredeterminedbytheformoftheinvitationtothetender.

A.theemployer

B.theauditor

C.thecontractor

191.Inmostcasesthetendermaybewithdrawnatanytimeuntil.

A.thepromoterhasenoughmoney

B.ithasbeenaccepted

C.thetenderapprovedbythegovernment

PassageFive

Materialsareusuallydescribedas'rock','looserock',or'mon',with'mon'signifyingallmaterialnototherwiseclassified.Rock,sometimescalled'solidrock',nearlyalwayustbedrilledandblasted,thenloadedwithafront-endloaderorpowershovelintotrucksorotherhaulingunits.Blastedrockmaybemovedordriftedforshortdistancesbymeansofabulldozer,whichis,ineffect,ahugetractor-mountedblade.Looserockoftenisdugwithloadersorshovelswithoutanypreviousblasting.

192.Accordingtothepassage,whichmaterialsignifyingallmaterialnototherwiseclassified.

A.looserock

B.mon

C.rock

193.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue

A.rock,issometimescalled'solidrock'

B.rock,issometimescalled'looserock'

C.rock,isusuallycalled'hardrock

194.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue

A.looserocknearlyalwayustbedrilledandblasted

B.looserockisoftendugwithoutanypreviousblasting

C.blastedrockmaybemovedforlongdistancesbybikes

195.Looserockoftenisdugwith______withoutanypreviousblasting.

A.trackorripper

B.loadersorshovels

C.rollerorbulldozer

PassageSix

Intheuniversity,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheilyemphasizedthroughouttheengineeringcurriculum,butparticularlyinthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematicsincludescoursesinstatistics,whichdealswithgathering,classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,whichdealswithwhatmayhappenwhentherearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcanchangetheresultsofaproblem.Beforetheconstructionofabridgeisundertaken,forexample,astatisticalstudyiadeoftheamountoftrafficthebridgewillbeexpectedtohandle.Inthedesignofthebridge,variablessuchaswaterpressureonthefoundations,impact,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyotherfactorustbeconsidered.

196.Mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineeringso.

A.itisgreatlystressed

B.itisnearlystressed

C.itisnotstressed

197.Statisticsdealswith.

A.listeningandspeaking

B.gathering,classifyingandusingpiecesofinformation

C.readingandwriting

198.Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsis.

A.probability

B.differentfactors

C.variables

199.Whichisthemainmeaningofthepassage

A.physicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

B.mathematicsisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

C.chemistryisveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering

PassageSeven

Civilengineeringprojectsarealmostunique,thatis,eachhasitsownproblemsanddesignfeatures.Therefore,carefulstudyisgiventoeachprojectevenbeforedesignworkbegins.Thestudyincludesasurveybothoftopographyandsubsoilfeaturesoftheproposedsite.Italsoincludesaconsiderationofpossiblealternatives,suchasaconcretegritydamoranearth-fillembankmentdam.Theeconomicfactorsinvolvedineachofthepossiblealternativeustalsobeweighed.Today,astudyusuallyincludesaconsiderationoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproject.Manyengineers,usuallyworkingasateamthatincludessurveyors,specialistsinsoilmechanics,andexpertsindesignandconstruction,areinvolvedinmakingthesefeasibilitystudies.

200.Civilengineeringprojectsare

A.almostalwaysdistinctive

B.thesimilar

C.alike

201.Eachproject_______beforedesignworkbegins

A.maynotbeconsidered

B.can'tbestudied

C.mustbestudiedcarefully

202.Thestudy,whichmustconsidernotonlystructuralfeaturesbutalsoeconomicfactorsandpossiblealternativesorotherchoices,iscalled.

A.systemengineering

B.feasibilitystudy

C.structuraldesign

203.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.todaycivilengineeringprojectneedconsidertheenvironmentalimpactoftheproject

B.todaythestudyaboutcivilengineeringprojectneedn'tconsidertheenvironmentalimpactoftheproject

C.todaythestudyaboutcivilengineeringprojectneedn'tconsidertheresourceimpactoftheproject

PassageEight

Clearingthesiteprecedesallgradingandmostotherconstructionoperations.Siteclearinginruralareaaysometimeerelyrequirethatglass,shrubs,andotherplantsorcropsberemoved.However,itsometimescaninvolveremovingtreesandtreestumpsanddisposingofthedebris.Theacceptedprocedureistoremovepracticallyallvegetablematterfromtheoriginalgroundandfromfillmaterial,since,ifallowedtoremain,itmaydecayandleevoidsthatresultinsettlement.Selectiveclearinginadjoiningareaayattimesberequired.

204.Accordingtothepassage,whichisthemaintopic

A.excation

B.siteclearing

C.embankment

205.Accordingtothepassage,_______isNOTberemovedinruralareas.

A.shrubs

B.crops

C.earth

206.Ifallvegetableremained

A.itmaycauseshortageofvegetableinthemarket

B.thevegetablegrowfast

C.itmaydecayandleevoids

207.Sometimesitisrequiredclearing.

A.adjacentareas

B.farareas

C.ruralareas

PassageNine

Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthedriverandhispassengersincaseanaccidentoccursduetosomeotherfailureinthehighwaysystem.Examplesofthistypeofdesignaresafetybeltsandshoulderharnesses,saferdoorlatches,non-shatteringwindshields,andenergyabsorbingsteeringcolumns.Improvementsaremadeconstantlyinthepartsofehiclewhichareobvioustothedriver.Thesepartsincludewindshieldwipers,headlamps,brakes,steeringsuspension,andtheexhaustsystem.Theintroductionoffrontandreardirectionalsignalscontributesgreatlytomotorvehiclesafety.Stoplights,backuplights,andfour-wayemergencyflashersalsoaidinvehiclesafety.Four-wayemergencyflashershebeestandardequipmentforvehicles.

208.Accordingtothepassage,whichisNOTmentioned

A.safetybelts

B.saferdoorlatches

C.brakepedal

209.Accordingtothepassage,whichbeesstandardequipmentforvehicles

A.four-wayemergencyflashers

B.guardrail

C.ventilatingsystem

210.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthevehicles

B.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthepersonswhodrivesthevehicles

C.Vehicularsafetydesignusuallycentersonprotectingthepassengersandthepedestrians

211.Accordingtothepassage,whichdesignisdescribed

A.vehicularsafety

B.vehicularstructure

C.vehicularpower

PassageTen

Inthe1930sengineeroundthatsuperiorembankmentscouldbeconstructedbyspreadingthematerialinrelativelythinlayersandpactingitatmoisturecontentclosetooptimum.Theimprovementresultedlargelybecausegreaterdensitywasobtained,whichresultedinhigher"strength"inthesoilmassandindecreasedsettlementandrutting.Layeredconstructionalsoproducedgreateruniformityinthematerialitselfandinitsdensityandmoisturecontent.Thiswasbeneficialsinceanysubsequentconsolidationorswellingwouldberelativelyuniform.

212.Inthe1930sengineeroundembankmentscouldbeconstructedby

A.pactingitatdensityandspreadingthematerialinrelativelythicklayers

B.pactingitatamoisturecontentandspreadingthematerialinrelativelythinlayers

C.pactingitatborrowarea

213.Accordingtothepassage,whichcausehigher"strength"

A.greaterdensitywasobtained

B.moisturecontentclosetominimum

C.morematerialwasused

214.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterdifferenceinthematerialandetc.

B.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterdisagreementinitsdensity

C.layeredconstructionproducedgreaterunanimityinitsdensityandmoisturecontent

215.Whichofthefollowingwordsistheclosestmeaningof'optimum'

A.worst

B.best

C.different

PassageEleven

Altogether,threeforcescanactonastructure:vertical—thosethatactupordown,horizontal—thosethatactsideway,andthosethatactuponitwitharotatingorturningmotion.Forcesthatactatananglearebinationofhorizontalandverticalforces.Sincethestructuresdesignedbycivilengineersareintendedtobestationaryorstable,theseforceustbekeptinbalance.Theverticalforces,forexample,mustbeequaltoeachother.Ifabeamsupportsaloadabove,thebeamitselfmusthesufficientstrengthtocounterbalancethatweight.Thehorizontalforceustalsoequaleachothersothatthereisnottoomuchthrusteithertotherightortotheleft.Andforcesthatmightpullthestructurearoundmustbecounteredwithforcesthatpullintheoppositedirection.

216.Horizontalforces.

A.actupordown

B.actsideways

C.actuponitwithrotatingorturningmotion

217.Forcesactingatananglearebinationof.

A.horizontalandverticalforces

B.horizontalandrotatingforces

C.turningandverticalforces

218.Thehorizontalforceustequaleachothersothat.

A.thereisnottoomuchthrusteithertouportodown

B.thereisnottoomuchthrusteitherrotatingorturning

C.thereisnottoomuchthrusteithertotherightortotheleft

219.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.threeforcesactingonastructureneednotbekeptinbalance

B.threeforcesactingonastructuremustbekeptinbalance

C.threeforcesactingonastructuremustbeless

PassageTwelve

Weallenterintocontractsalmosteverydayforthesupplyofgoods,transportationandsimilarservice,andinalltheseinstanceswearequitewillingtopayfortheserviceswereceive.Ourneedsinthesecasesareparativelysimpleandwedonotneedtoenterontolengthyorplicatednegotiationsandnowrittencontractisnormallyexecuted.Nevertheless,eachpartytothecontracthasagreestodosomething,andisliableforbreachofcontractifhefailstoperformhispartoftheagreement.

Ingeneral,Englishlawrequiresnospecialformalitiesinmakingcontractsbut,forvariousreasons,somecontractustbemadeinaparticularformtobeenforceableand,iftheyarenotmadeinthatspecialway,thentheywillbeineffective.Notableamongthesecontractsarecontractorthesaleanddisposalofland,and'land',forthispurpose,includesanythingbuiltontheland,as,forexample,roads,bridgesandotherstructures.

220.Whichofthefollowingistrue

A.weallenterintocontractsalmosteveryday.

B.wedon'tenterintoanycontract.

C.onlyteachersenterintocontracts.

221.Weenterintocontractorthesupplyofgoodsandtransportation,inthiscase

A.weneedtoenterintolengthynegotiations.

B.weshouldprepareforlongtime.

C.wedon'tneedtoenterintolengthynegotiations.

222.Thecontractorthesaleanddisposalofland.

A.requirenospecialformalities.

B.mustbemadeinaparticularform.

C.shouldbewrittenintwotextsofEnglishandChinese.

223.Twopartiesofthecontractheagreedtodosomethingifonepartyfailstoperformhispartoftheagreement,then.

A.itisnothingtodowithhim.

B.hecandeclarethecontractinvalidhimself.

C.heisliableforbreachofcontract.

PassageThirteen

Thatworkmustbepletedtothesatiactionoftheemployer,orhisrepresentatives,doesnotgivetheemployertherighttodemandanunusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks,intheabsenceofapriorexpressagreement.Otherwisetheemployermightbeabletopostponeindefinitelyhisliabilitytopayfortheworks.Theemployerisnormallyonlyentitledtoexpectastandardofworkthatwouldberegardedasreasonablebythepetentpersonswithconsiderableexperienceintheclassofworkcoveredbytheparticularcontract.Thedetailedrequirementsofthespecificationwillheaconsiderablebearingonthesematters.

224.Theworkmustbepletedtothesatiactionof.

A.thecontractor.

B.thepromoterorhisrepresentative.

C.theauditor.

225.Itdoesnotgivetheemployertherighttodemand.

A.anusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

B.anunusuallyhighstandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

C.theMinistrystandardofqualitythroughouttheworks.

226.Theemployermightbeableto_______hisliabilitytopayfortheworks.

A.terminateimmediately

B.postponedefinitely

C.postponeindefinitely

227.Astandardofworkwouldberegardedasreasonableby.

A.employers.

B.toppersons.

C.petentpersons.

PassageFourteen

Theimportanceofsafetyinallmodesoftransportation,especiallyhighwaysafetyiswellrecognized.Trafficaccidentstakeatremendoustollofhumanlives,personalproperty,andcauseuntoldgriefandmisery.In1978,therewereatotalof18,300,000highwaytrafficaccidents.Theseaccidentsresultedin49,400deaths,1,400,000personalinjuries,propertydamageof$16,900,000,andtotalcostsof$34.3billion.Ofthe154,100,000registeredvehiclesand142,200,000licenseddriversin1978,31,500,000wereinvolvedinaccidents,theaccidentsoccurredduring1,520billionmiles(2,446billionkm).

228.Accordingtothepassage,thesafetyiswellrecognized,especially

A.thehighwaysafety.

B.thechannelsafety.

C.thesubwaysafety.

229.Whichisthebesttopicaccordingtothepassage

A.trafficaccidentstakeatremendoustollofhumanlivesandpersonalproperty.

B.thetrafficaccidentsareveryimportantthingwemustconsider.

C.statisticalfiguresofaccidentsshow.

230.Accordingtothispassage,howmanylicenseddriversareinvolvedinaccidentsin1978

A.49.400

B.142,200,000

C.31,500,000

231.Accordingtothispassage,howmanypersonswereinjuredin1978

A.18,300,000

B.49,400

C.1,400,000

PassageFifteen

TheFederalHighwayAdministrationrequireseachstatetoestablishahighwaysafetyimprovementprogramfromthestandpointofroadwaydesignandcontrol.Theobjectivesoftheprogramaretoidentifyandeliminatehazardouslocationsonthestatehighwaysystems.Theprogramprovideorthecorrectionoflocationsorelementswhich(a)areidentifiedashazardousbyaccidentanalysis,(b)canbeexpectedtoproduceameasurablereductioninthenumberandseverityofaccidents,and(c)pareforablywithsafetyworkforwhichtherelationofreductioninaccidentcoststocostsofimprovementhasbeendetermined.

232.Accordingtothepassage,theFederalHighwayAdministrationrequires.

A.eachstatetomakeahighwayregulation.

B.eachstatetoestablishahighwaysafetyprogram.

C.eachstatetoestablishahighwaysafetylaw

233.Theaidoftheimprovementprogramistoidentifyandeliminate.

A.hazardoueederhighway.

B.hazardouslocations.

C.hazardousvehicles

234.Accordingtothepassage,themaintopicis.

A.FederalHighwayAdministrationsetthehighwaysafetyprogram.

B.FederalHighwayAdministrationsettherailwaysafetyprogram.

C.FederalHighwayAdministrationsettherailwayfeeprogram.

235.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNottrue

A.thecorrectionoflocationsorelementscanbeexpectednottoproduce.

B.thecorrectionoflocationsorelementsisidentifiedashazardous.

C.thecorrectionoflocationsorelementspareforablywithsafetywork.

四、英译汉题:

236.Engineeringgraduateshetopassanexamination,similartothebarexaminationoralawyer.

237.Thestructuraldesignofanystructurefirstinvolvestheestablishmentoftheloadingandotherdesignconditionsthatmustberesistedbythestructureandthereforemustbeconsideredinitsdesign.

238.Selectionofequipmentdependsonthenatureofthematerial,howfaritistobemoved,andthemethodofdisposal.

239.Conventionalgroundsurveysweretheoriginallocationtechniquesailabletohighwayengineersuntildevelopmentsinelectronics.

240.Atmanystructuresitesthefieldinvestigationsindicatethatchannelrelocationsandimprovementsaboveandbelowthestructuremayprovideabettersituationfromthehydraulicstandpoint.

241.Railroadtrainustfollowtheprecisealignmentofthetracks,andthediortdescribedabovecanbeoidedonlybyadoptingeasementcurves.

242.Anurbantransportationsystemisabasicponentofanurbanarea