2016年考研英语(一)真题(完整版)
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Aanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember___1___weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain___2___,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."___3___seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhea(n)___4___impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal___5___.
Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It___6___outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherigental___7___cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive___8___.Thinkingisessentiallya___9___ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto___10___inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.___11___,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate___12___mentaleffort.
Now,anewWeb-basedpanyhastakenitastep___13___anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental___14___.
TheWeb-basedprogram___15___youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps___16___ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback___17___yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it___18___modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto___19___onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping—muchlikea(n)___20___exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.
[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why
2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses
3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While
4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure
5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook
6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures
7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations
8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion
9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process
10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature
11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However
12.[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof
13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around
14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility
15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows
16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace
17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on
18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually
19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take
20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Inorderto"changeliveorthebetter"andreduce"dependency"GeeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable
Moreapparentreasonablenesollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon."heclaimed."We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."HelpReallyOnfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangeliveorthebetter,pletewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.
Losingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourinefromthegenerousstate.Itiinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportiinimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted,yousupportiinimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted,youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialinetofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.
ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker'sallowance"—inventedin1996—isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob,noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.
21.GeeOsborne'sschemewasintendedto
[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.
[B]encouragejobseekers'activeengagementinjobseeking.
[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.
[D]guaranteejobseekers'legitimaterighttobenefits.
22.Thephrase,"tosignon"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans
[A]tocheckontheailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.
[B]toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance.
[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.
[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.
23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme
[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.
[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.
[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.
[D]Apassiontoensurefairnesortaxpayers.
24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel
[A]uneasy
[B]enraged.
[C]insulted.
[D]guilty.
25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers'laziness.
[B]Osborne'sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.
[C]Thejobseekers'allowancehaettheiractualneeds.
[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.
Text2
Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournali.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshemoregroundorplaintthanAmerica.
Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceaastasinflation.Thebestlawyeradeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbeethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynigare.
Therearemanyreasonorthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleestoday'seragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhetoworkfearsomelyhard.
Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedto
doso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.
Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyeraynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyerromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.
Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms'efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,hestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.
26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto
[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients.
[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation.
[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.
[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards.
27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates
[A]Highertuitionfeeorundergraduatestudies.
[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.
[C]Pursuingabachelor'sdegreeinanothermajor.
[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.
28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginaterom
[A]lawyers'andclients'strongresistance.
[B]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.
[C]thestemexamforwould-belawyers.
[D]non-professionals'sharpcritici.
29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered"restrictive"partlybecauseit
[A]bansoutsiders'involvementintheprofession.
[B]keepslawyerromholdinglaw-firmshares.
[C]aggratestheethicalsituationinthetrade.
[D]preventslawyerromgainingdueprofits.
30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses
[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses.
[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccesullawyerinAmerica.
[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.
[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation.
Text3
TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.Anditiarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardorresearchershejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInterentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohesucceededinscience.
What'snottolikeQuitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.
Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecritici.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohemadetheircareersinresearch.
AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyeryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.
Auchassomescientistayplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentionetoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itiairtocriticizeandquestionthemechani—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers'moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.
31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas
[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs'wealth.
[B]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.
[C]anexampleofbankers'investments.
[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers.
32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit
[A]theprofit-orientedscientists.
[B]thefoundersofthenewawards.
[C]theachievement-basedsystem.
[D]peer-review-ledresearch.
33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves
[A]controversiesovertherecipients'status.
[B]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.
[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.
[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.
34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels
[A]Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.
[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.
[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.
35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare
[A]acceptabledespitethecritici.
[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch.
[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges.
[D]unworthyofpublicattention.
Text4
"TheHeartoftheMatter,"thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport'ailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisiacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.
In2016,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthemission's51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfigureromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournali.
Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportullliteracy,stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment,andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandpetition,thereportcallorincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents'abilitytosolveproblemsandmunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.
Unfortunately,despite2yearsinthemaking,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThemissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitiesheproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehicleorpublicizing"progressive,"orleft-liberalpropaganda.
Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchareemarketsandself-reliance—aallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.
TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiaforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.
36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtheAAAS'sreport
[A]Critical
[B]Appreciative
[C]Contemptuous
[D]Tolerant
37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowto
[A]retainpeople'sinterestinliberaleducation
[B]definethegovernment'sroleineducation
[C]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation
[D]safeguardindividuals'rightstoeducation
38.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggests
[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory
[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects
[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies
[D]fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages
39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare
[A]supportiveoffreemarkets
[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation
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[C]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy
[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas
40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
[A]WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheMatter"
[B]IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter"
[C]TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducation
[D]ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducation
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreanizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhebeencorrectlyplacedMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)
[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt,andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGe,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,waoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.
[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearcherappednotonlythecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentplexeswheremonpeoplelived.
[C]HowdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothinisibleonthesurfaceofthegroundTypically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshealsobeeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.
[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,helocatedhundredsofallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopancollapsed.
[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.
[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingorsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvanbedantiquedealers'storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengredsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsoftheseengringseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knossós)ontheislandofCrete,in1900.
[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccesul.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchasallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistonlyuseputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.
41.→A→42.→E→43.→44.→45.
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,hesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitietaphysical,butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.
Beethoven'simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhispositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.
ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbeesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven'usic.Hispositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.(48)Beethoven'shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbyposersbeforehim.
Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehiorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.
Beethoven'usictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromfettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence,orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.
SectionⅢWriting
PartA
51.Directions:
Writealetterofabout100wordstothepresidentofyouruniversity,suggestinghowtoimprovestudents'physicalcondition.
Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.
YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould
1)describethedrawingbriefly,
2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and
3)giveyourments.
YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET(20points)
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