英语考研建议x

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2016年考研英语(一)真题(完整版)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Aanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember___1___weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain___2___,werefertotheseoccurrencesas"seniormoments."___3___seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhea(n)___4___impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal___5___.

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere'sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It___6___outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherigental___7___cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive___8___.Thinkingisessentiallya___9___ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto___10___inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.___11___,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate___12___mentaleffort.

Now,anewWeb-basedpanyhastakenitastep___13___anddevelopedthefirst"braintrainingprogram"designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental___14___.

TheWeb-basedprogram___15___youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps___16___ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback___17___yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it___18___modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto___19___onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping—muchlikea(n)___20___exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincreaseresistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse.

[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process

10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12.[A]accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof

13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows

16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Inorderto"changeliveorthebetter"andreduce"dependency"GeeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,introducedthe"upfrontworksearch"scheme.OnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefitandthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable

Moreapparentreasonablenesollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker'sallowance."Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon."heclaimed."We'redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster."HelpReallyOnfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangeliveorthebetter,pletewith"reforms"toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor"fundamentalfairness"—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.

Losingajobishurting:youdon'tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourinefromthegenerousstate.Itiinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportiinimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted,yousupportiinimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted,youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucialinetofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.

ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase"jobseeker'sallowance"—inventedin1996—isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa"jobseeker"whohadnomandatoryrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited"allowance,"conditionalonactivelyseekingajob,noentitlementandnoinsurance,at£71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.

21.GeeOsborne'sschemewasintendedto

[A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits.

[B]encouragejobseekers'activeengagementinjobseeking.

[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily.

[D]guaranteejobseekers'legitimaterighttobenefits.

22.Thephrase,"tosignon"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans

[A]tocheckontheailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre.

[B]toacceptthegovernment'srestrictionsontheallowance.

[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment.

[D]toattendagovernmentaljob-trainingprogram.

23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme

[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.

[B]Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.

[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.

[D]Apassiontoensurefairnesortaxpayers.

24.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel

[A]uneasy

[B]enraged.

[C]insulted.

[D]guilty.

25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree

[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers'laziness.

[B]Osborne'sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.

[C]Thejobseekers'allowancehaettheiractualneeds.

[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.

Text2

Allaroundtheworld,lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession—withthepossibleexceptionofjournali.ButtherearefewplaceswhereclientshemoregroundorplaintthanAmerica.

Duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis,spendingonlegalservicesinAmericagrewtwiceaastasinflation.Thebestlawyeradeskyscrapers-fullofmoney,temptingevermorestudentstopileintolawschools.Butmostlawgraduatesnevergetabig-firmjob.Manyoftheminsteadbeethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthatmakesthetortsystemacostlynigare.

Therearemanyreasonorthis.Oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.ThereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostAmericanstates:afour-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject,thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof200lawschoolsauthorizedbytheAmericanBarAssociationandanexpensivepreparationforthebarexam.Thisleestoday'seragelaw-schoolgraduatewith$100,000ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.Law-schooldebtmeansthatmanycannotaffordtogointogovernmentornon-profitwork,andthattheyhetoworkfearsomelyhard.

Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedto

doso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.

Theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.ExceptintheDistrictofColumbia,non-lawyeraynotownanyshareofalawfirm.Thiskeepeeshighandinnovationslow.Thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofession,butopponentsofchangeamongtheregulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyerromthepressuretomakemoneyratherthanserveclientsethically.

Infact,allowingnon-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers,byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms'efficiency.Afterall,othercountries,suchasAustraliaandBritain,hestartedliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.Americashouldfollow.

26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto

[A]thegrowingdemandfromclients.

[B]theincreasingpressureofinflation.

[C]theprospectofworkinginbigfirms.

[D]theattractionoffinancialrewards.

27.WhichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostAmericanstates

[A]Highertuitionfeeorundergraduatestudies.

[B]Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation.

[C]Pursuingabachelor'sdegreeinanothermajor.

[D]Receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations.

28.Hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginaterom

[A]lawyers'andclients'strongresistance.

[B]therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession.

[C]thestemexamforwould-belawyers.

[D]non-professionals'sharpcritici.

29.Theguild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered"restrictive"partlybecauseit

[A]bansoutsiders'involvementintheprofession.

[B]keepslawyerromholdinglaw-firmshares.

[C]aggratestheethicalsituationinthetrade.

[D]preventslawyerromgainingdueprofits.

30.Inthistext,theauthormainlydiscusses

[A]flawedownershipofAmerica'slawfirmsanditscauses.

[B]thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccesullawyerinAmerica.

[C]aprobleminAmerica'slegalprofessionandsolutionstoit.

[D]theroleofundergraduatestudiesinAmerica'slegaleducation.

Text3

TheUS$3-millionFundamentalphysicsprizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear'sawardinMarch.Anditiarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardorresearchershejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromthetelephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInterentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohesucceededinscience.

What'snottolikeQuitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedintheNewsFeature.Youcannotbuyclass,astheoldsayinggoes,andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels,Thenewawardsareanexerciseinself-promotionforthosebehindthem,sayscientists.Theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-ledresearch.Theycouldcementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewedresearch.Theydonotfundpeer-reviewedresearch.Theyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.

Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecritici.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohemadetheircareersinresearch.

AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation'slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,eachofwhommuststillbeliving,haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch—aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,ofcourse,themselvessetupbyeryrichindividualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.

Auchassomescientistayplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentionetoscienceratherthangoelsewhere,Itiairtocriticizeandquestionthemechani—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers'moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.

31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseenas

[A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs'wealth.

[B]apossiblereplacementoftheNobelPrizes.

[C]anexampleofbankers'investments.

[D]ahandsomerewardforresearchers.

32.Thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit

[A]theprofit-orientedscientists.

[B]thefoundersofthenewawards.

[C]theachievement-basedsystem.

[D]peer-review-ledresearch.

33.ThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves

[A]controversiesovertherecipients'status.

[B]thejointeffortofmodernresearchers.

[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes.

[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindings.

34.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels

[A]Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.

[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.

[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.

35.Theauthorbelievesthatthenowawardsare

[A]acceptabledespitethecritici.

[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch.

[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges.

[D]unworthyofpublicattention.

Text4

"TheHeartoftheMatter,"thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport'ailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisiacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.

In2016,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby"federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers"to"maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation."Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthemission's51membersaretop-tier-universitypresidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfigureromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournali.

Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativegovernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportullliteracy,stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericangovernment,andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.Toencourageinnovationandpetition,thereportcallorincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents'abilitytosolveproblemsandmunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalaffairsandtheexpansionofstudyabroadprograms.


Unfortunately,despite2yearsinthemaking,"TheHeartoftheMatter"nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThemissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica'scollegesanduniversitiesheproducedgraduateswhodon'tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehicleorpublicizing"progressive,"orleft-liberalpropaganda.

Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchareemarketsandself-reliance—aallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,intellectualinvestigation.

TheAAASdisplaysgreatenthusiaforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.

36.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtheAAAS'sreport

[A]Critical

[B]Appreciative

[C]Contemptuous

[D]Tolerant

37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhowto

[A]retainpeople'sinterestinliberaleducation

[B]definethegovernment'sroleineducation

[C]keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation

[D]safeguardindividuals'rightstoeducation

38.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereportsuggests

[A]anexclusivestudyofAmericanhistory

[B]agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects

[C]theapplicationofemergingtechnologies

[D]fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages

39.TheauthorimpliesinParagraph5thatprofessorsare

[A]supportiveoffreemarkets

[B]cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation

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[C]conservativeaboutpublicpolicy

[D]biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas

40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]WaystoGrasp"TheHeartoftheMatter"

[B]IlliberalEducationand"TheHeartoftheMatter"

[C]TheAAAS'sContributiontoLiberalEducation

[D]ProgressivePolicyvs.LiberalEducation

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreanizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhebeencorrectlyplacedMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10points)

[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece,thepyramidsofGizainEgypt,andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGe,anearlyhominidsiteinTanzania,waoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiterallyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.

[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsReneMillionandGeeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacanintheValleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.Theresearcherappednotonlythecity'svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentplexeswheremonpeoplelived.

[C]HowdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothinisibleonthesurfaceofthegroundTypically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshealsobeeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.

[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopan,Honduras,helocatedhundredsofallruralvillagesandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopancollapsed.

[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.

[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingorsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEvanbedantiquedealers'storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingfortinyengredsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evans'sinterpretationsoftheseengringseventuallyledhimtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossos(Knossós)ontheislandofCrete,in1900.

[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccesul.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchasallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetectors.Archaeologistonlyuseputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.

41.→A→42.→E→43.→44.→45.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,hesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitietaphysical,butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.

Beethoven'simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhispositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandseeminglydisconnected,asinthelastpianosonata.Inmusicalexpression,hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.

ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbeesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven'usic.Hispositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourage,forexampleintheuseofdynamics.(48)Beethoven'shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbyposersbeforehim.

Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehiorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.

Beethoven'usictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromfettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence,orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofspiritualelevation.ItisnotbychancethattheFuneralMarchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.

SectionⅢWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Writealetterofabout100wordstothepresidentofyouruniversity,suggestinghowtoimprovestudents'physicalcondition.

Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET(20points)

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