在职生考研英语词汇

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新东方2016年度考研英语

冲刺试卷

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Fewscientificfieldsareaullofriskasthatofresearchintohumanintelligence.Thetwoquestionsthat1overandoveragainare"isitaresultofnatureornurture"and"doesracemakeadifference"

Making2mentsaboutthesecondquestioncanbea3move,asJamesWatson,aco-discovererofDNAstructure,recentlyfound.Hesuggestedthathewas"4abouttheprospectofAfrica"5"alloursocialpoliciesarebasedonthefactthattheirintelligenceisthesameasours(whitepeople)6allthetestingsaysnotreally".Such7arenotmerely8,theyarescientificallyweird.Ifthetermracehasanyusefulscientificmeaning,thenAfrica,thecontinentwheremodern9began,iostraciallydiverse.Theresulting10amongthepublicforcedDr.Watsontoleehislaboratory.

11,thestudyofweenintelligenceandgeicshassomewiserpractitioners.Oneofthem,TerrieMoffitt,ofKing'sCollege,hasjust13aproject14therelativeimportanceofnatureandnurture.Dr.Moffitt'steam15theeffectonintelligenceofbreastfeeding,butinageiccontext.Previousstudiesheshownthatbreastfedchildrenaremoreintelligent,16aboutsixIQpoints,thanthosegivenbabyformulas.

Theteam,however,17theinvolvementofagenecalledFADS2,whichesintwovarieties,knownasCandG.Theresearchers18ifthesetwovarieties19differentlywithbreastmilk.20ondatafromtwogroupsofpeople,theyfoundthattheintelligenceincreaseassociatedwithbreastfeedingonlyhappenedtopeoplehinginheritedatleastonecopyoftheCvariety.TheeffectdidnotdependonthesocialclassesorIQsoftheparents.

1.[A]happen[B]rise[C]arise[D]arouse2.[A]prompt[B]hasty[C]general[D]stupid3.[A]career-

killing[B]career-

facilitating[C]time-

consuming[D]energy-

sing4.[A]gloomy[B]optimistic[C]concerned[D]alarmed5.[A]therefore[B]because[C]so[D]but6.[A]however[B]whereas[C]since[D]as7.[A]polices[B]tests[C]remarks[D]questions8.[A]offensive[B]confusing[C]promising[D]objective9.[A]civilization[B]culture[C]society[D]humanity10.[A]finding[B]uproar[C]plexity[D]puzzlement11.[A]Fortunately[B]Particularly[C]Furthermore[D]Indeed12.[A]similarities[B]differences[C]links[D]contradictions13.[A]sponsored[B]remended[C]criticized[D]supervised14.[A]concluding[B]investigating[C]judging[D]emphasizing15.[A]had[B]examined[C]discovered[D]suggested16.[A]with[B]at[C]to[D]by17.[A]suspected[B]doubted[C]disapproved[D]challenged18.[A]questioned[B]wondered[C]noted[D]found19.[A]bined[B]contradicted[C]reacted[D]interacted20.[A]Deciding[B]Acting[C]Drawing[D]Reflecting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Theideathatboysandgirls—andmenandwomen—areprogrammedbyevolutiontobehedifferentlyfromoneanotherisnowwidelyacknowledged.Butwhichofthedifferencesbetweenthesexesare"biological",inthesensethattheyhebeenhonedbyevolution,andwhichare"cultural"or"environmental"andmigoreeasilybealteredbychangedcircumstances,isstillfiercelydebated.

ThesensitivityofthequestionwasshownlastyearbyanuproaratHarvardUniversity.LarrySummers,thenHarvard'spresident,causedastormwhenhesuggestedthatinnateabilitycouldbeanimportantreasonwhythereweresofewwomeninthetoppositionsinmathematics,engineeringandthephysicalsciences.

Evenasapropositionfordiscussion,thisisunacceptabletosome.Butbiologicalexplanationsofhumanbehioraremakingaeback(卷土重来).Thesuccessofneo-Darwinihasprovidedanintellectualfoundationfordiscussionaboutwhysomedifferencesbetweenthesexeightbeinnate.Andnewscanningtechniquesheenabledresearcherstoexaminethebrain'sinteriorwhileitisworking,showingthatmaleandfemalebrainsdo,atonelevel,operatedifferently.Theresults,however,donotalwayssupportpastclichés(陈旧说辞)aboutwhatthedifferencesinquestionactuallyare.

Anotherbehioraldifferencethathasborneahugeamountofscrutinyisinmathematics,particularlysinceDr.Summers'ments.Theproblemwithtryingtoarguethatthemaletendencytosystemizemightleadtogreatermathematicalabilityisthat,infact,girlsandboysareequallygoodatmathspriortoteenageyears.Untilrecently,itwasbelievedthatmalesoutperformedfemalesinmathematicsatallages.Today,thatpicturehaschanged,anditappearsthatmalesandfemalesofanyageareequallygoodatputationandatunderstandingmathematicalconcepts.However,aftertheirmid-teens,menarebetteratproblemsolvingthanwomenare.

ThequestionraisedbyDr.Summersdoesgettotheheartofthematter.Overthepast50years,womenhemadehugeprogressintoacademiaandwithinit.Slowly,theyheworkedtheirwayintothehigherechelons(等级)ofdisciplineafterdiscipline.Butsomepartsoftheivorytowerheprovedhardertooccupythanothers.Thequestionremains,towhatdegreeistheabsenceofwomeninscience,mathematicsandengineeringcausedbyinnate,immutableability

Innateitmaywellbe.Thatdoesnotmeanitisimmutable.Avarietyofabilitiesareamenabletotraininginbothsexes.Andsuchtrainingworks.Biologymaypredispose,butitisnotnecessarilydestiny.

21.Whatdoestheword"honed"(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablymean

[A]started[B]determined[C]created[D]sharpened

22.WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldLarrySummerssupport

[A]Womenwereinnatelylessablethanmeninsomeareas.

[B]Womenhelimitedcapacityinallresearchfields.

[C]Womenshouldnotchoosecareersinmaths,engineering,etc.

[D]Womenarefacingdiscriminationintheircareers.

23.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage

[A]Neo-Darwiniofferedbiologicalevidenceoftheinnatesexdifferences.

[B]Femaleinnateabilityisnottheonlyreasonfortheiracademicposition.

[C]Boysandgirlsperformedequallywellinproblemsolvinginteenageyears.

[D]Dr.Summersignoredthefactthatwomenherisentothetopoftheivorytower.

24.Thesentence"Biologymaypredispose,butitisnotnecessarilydestiny."(Line2,Para.7)indicatesthat_________.

[A]Biologicalfactorsdetermineone'scapabilities.

[B]Women'sroleisnotdecidedbydestiny.

[C]Biologicaldifferencescouldbechanged.

[D]Abilitiescanbeacquireddespiteinnatedifferences.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext

[A]SexDifference:WhoisSmarter

[B]FemaleLaginCertainFields:GenderDifference

[C]DifferencesBetweentheSexes:MieasureofWomen

[D]GenderInequality:FemaleInferiorityProved

Text2

Intheearlydaysoftheinter,theideathatitrepresentedanentirelynewandseparaterealm,distinctfromtherealworld,wasseizeduponbybothadvocatesandcriticsofthenewtechnology.Advocateslikedtheideathatthevirtualworld(虚拟世界)wasaplacelessdatasphere,liberatedfromconstraintsandrestrictionsoftherealworld,andanopportunityforafreshstart.Forinstance,JohnPerryBarlow,aninteractivist,issuedthe"DeclarationoftheIndependenceofCyberspace"inFebruary1996.Hethundered,"Governmentsoftheindustrialworld,Iefromcyberspace,thenewhomeofmind.Cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders.Wearecreatingaworldthatallmayenterwithoutprivilegeorprejudiceaccordedbyrace,economicpower,militaryforce,orstationofbirth."

WhereMr.Barlowandothercyber-Utopianoundtheseparationbetweentherealandvirtualworldsexciting,however,criticsregardeditasacauseforconcern.Theyworriedthatpeoplewerespendingtoomuchtimeonline,municatingwithpeopletheyhadneverevenmetinpersoninchatrooms,virtualgameworldsand,morerecently,onsocial-workingsitessuchasMySpaceandFacebook.AstudycarriedoutbytheStanfordInstitutefortheQuantitativeStudyofSocietyin2000,forexample,foundthatheyinterusersspentlesstimetalkingtofriendsandfamily,andwarnedthattheintercouldbe"theultimateisolatingtechnology".

Bothgroupswerewrong,ofcourse.Theinterhasnotturnedouttobeathingapart.Unpleasantaspectsoftherealworld,suchastaxes,censorship,crimeandfraudarenowfeaturesofthevirtualworld,too.Gamerswhomakerealmoneysellingswords,goldandotheritemsinvirtualgameworldaynowfindthatthetaxmanwantstoknowaboutit.DesignersofvirtualobjectsinSecondLife,anonlinevirtualworld,areresortingtoreal-worldlawsuitsinordertoprotecttheirintellectualproperty.

Atthesametime,however,someofthemostexcitingusesoftheinterrelyoncouplingitwiththerealworld.Socialworkingallowspeopletostayintouchwiththeirfriendsonline,andplansocialactivitiesintherealworld.Thedistinctionbetweenonlineandofflinechatterceasestomatter.OrconsiderGoogleEarth,whichputssatelliteimagesofthewholeworldonyourdesktopandallowsuserstolinkonlinedatawithspecificphysicallocations.

Alltheseapproachestreattheinterasanextensionoranattachmenttothephysicalworld,notaseparatespace.Ratherthanseeingtherealandvirtualrealmsasdistinctandconflicting,inshort,itmakessensetoseethemasplementaryandconnected.TheresultingfusionisnotwhattheUtopiansorthecriticoresaw,butitsuitstherestofusjustfine.

26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,interadvocatesbelievedthat__________.

[A]interstoodforprogressofthetechnology

[B]virtualrealmwasaworldwithoutboundaries

[C]cyberspaceliberatedtherealworld

[D]cyberspacecanbeenteredbyanyoneforfree

27.WhyisJohnPerryBarlowmentionedinParagraph1

[A]Tocriticizegovernmentsofindustrialcountries.

[B]ToshowtheinfluenceoftheInter.

[C]Toadvocatetheequalityforall.

[D]Toillustratetheadvocates'forofcyberspace.

28.Thepassagesuggeststhatcriticsofthenewtechnology___________.

[A]wereconcernedabouttheseparationofpeoplefromtherealworld

[B]worriedthatfriendswouldnevermeetinperson

[C]wereconcernedthatpeopleweretooengagedinsocialworks

[D]wouldbelievetheintercouldisolatepeopleonline

29.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat___________.

[A]virtualworldireefromthedarksidesoftherealworld

[B]thereisnodifferencebetweenchattingonlineandofflinenow

[C]people'sactivitiesonlinecanalsoaffecttheirrealworldactivities

[D]peoplewhomakerealmoneyinvirtualgameshetopaytaxes

30.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethattheauthor____________.

[A]supportsbothadvocatesandcriticsoftheInter

[B]believesthattherealandvirtualworldsareinterdependent

[C]isopposedtothefusionoftheinterwiththephysicalworld

[D]arguesthatrealandvirtualworldsaredistinctandconflicting

Text3

Transportinglargecontainersisnotasglamorousaakingfilms,butshippingisdoingmorethanHollywoodtoboostsouthernCalifornia'seconomythesedays.ThenearbyportsofLosAngelesandLongBeach,alreadythetwobiggestinthecountry,aregrowingquicklythankstotradewithChina.Theyareagiantjob-creatingengine,stimulatingindustrialandwarehouseemploymentonascalenotseenintheregionsincetheriseoftheaerospaceindustryaftertheSecondWorldWar.Sadly,likemostengines,theyarefilthy.

Theportsthemselvesreckontheyareresponsibleforabout12%ofallthedieselparticleemissionsand45%ofthesulphuroxides(硫的氧化物)insouthernCalifornia.Carriedeastbyprevailingwinds,suchpollutantshelptocreatesomeofAmerica'sworstairmorethan50milesinland.Thosewholiveclosetothefreewaysleadingoutoftheportssufferthemost.Researchershefoundthatchildrenlivingwithinafewhundredmetersofsuchroadsarenotonlymorelikelytosufferfromasthma,adiseaseofthebreathingsystemandcharacterizedbysuddenrecurringattacksoflaboredbreathing,andcoughing.Theyactuallyheallerlungs.

Themostambitiousefforttocontrolpollution,andtheonethatmayaffectthelocaleconomymostdrastically,involvestruckers.Some16,000lorriescurrentlyhaulcontainersbetweenshipsandwarehouses,mostofwhomareownedbyHispanicimmigrants.Thedriversputinlonghours:13adayisnotunusual,accordingtoasurvey.Theyearn,onerage,justunder$35,000ayear.Suchjobs,likemanyconnectedtotheport,areanimportantstepping-stoneonthepathtothemiddleclass.

Theportswanttoremovetheoldesttrucksandgraduallyupgradetheotherssothat,withinfiveyears,thefleetemitour-fifthslesspollutionthanatpresent.Tohelppayforthis,theyintendtolevy(征收)afeeof$34to$54onevery"dirty"vehicleenteringtheport.Mostimportant,theywanttoturnalarge,unwieldyworkofindependentcontractorsintoamoreorderlygroupofpanies,ashappensinanairport."Weneedtohemorecontrol,"explainsGeraldineKnatz,theheadofLosAngeles'port.

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Thereformsdonohelessposeathreattotheports'petitiveness.Atpresent,thetruckerswhoworkatthedocksareprice-takers,notprice-setters.Becausetheyareself-employed,theyarealmostimpossibletounionize,andconsequentlyhelittlebargainingpower.Allthatcouldquiteeasilychangeiftheyweretobeetheemployeesofafewlargefirms.Indeed,themostenthusiasticwelefortheports'planshasenotfromenvironmentalgroupsbutfromtheTeamsters'union.

31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout

[A]TheconsequencesofshippingindustryinsouthernCalifornia.

[B]ThecausesofpollutionalongthecoastofsouthernCalifornia.

[C]ThepollutionproblemoftheshippingindustryinsouthernCalifornia.

[D]TheroleofshippingindustryinsouthernCalifornia'seconomy.

32.TheauthormentionstheportsofLosAngelesandLongBeachto_________.

[A]provetheyarethelargestportsintheUnitedStates

[B]demonstratetheycreatemanynewjobopportunities

[C]highlightthatshippingislessglamorousthanmakingmovies

[D]emphasizetheroleofshippinginsouthernCalifornia'seconomy

33.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat___________.

[A]HollywoodhardlyimprovessouthernCalifornia'seconomy

[B]theshippingindustrythereisasdirtyasotherindustries

[C]peoplelivingneartheseportssufferthemost

[D]thepollutedairmaycausebothasthmaandallerlungs

34.Accordingtothepassage,themostambitiousefforttocontrolpollution______________.

[A]couldhelpimprovethelocaleconomy

[B]willbefinanciallysupportedbythetruckers

[C]maydependonindependentcontractors

[D]willupgradeallthetruckstoreducepollution

35.Thereformsthreatentheport'spetitivenessinthat_________.

[A]thetruckers'unionizationwouldraisethecostoftheports

[B]truckersworkingatthedocksareprice-takers

[C]theTeamsters'unionwouldhelittlebargainingpower

[D]environmentalgroupsarenotenthusiasticabouttheplans

Text4

WhetheryouthinkthehumanstorybeginsinagardeninMesopotamiaknownasEden,orinpresent-dayeastAfrica,itisclearthathumanbeingsdidnotstartlifeasanurbancreature.Man'shabitatattheoutsetwasdominatedbytheneedtofindfood,andhuntingandgatheringwereruralpursuits.Notuntilaround11,000yearsago,didhestartbuildinganythingthatmightbecalledillage.Ittookanother6000yearorcitiesofmorethan100,000peopletodevelop.

Intermsofhumanhistorythiayseemaweledevelopment.Itwouldbequestionabletosaythatnothingofconsequencehasevereoutofthecountryside.Thewheelwaspresumablyaruralinvention.Evencity-dwellersneedbreadaswellascircuses.AndifDr.JohnsonandShelleywererighttosaythatpoetsarethetruelegislatorsofmankind,thenallthosehillsandlakesandotherruraldelightustbegivencreditforinspiringthem.

Buttheruralcontributiontohumanprogressseemsslightparedwiththeurbanone.Cities'developmentissynonymouswithhumandevelopment.Thefirstvillagescamewiththeemergenceofagricultureandthedomesticationofanimals:peoplenolongerhadtowanderbutcouldinsteaddrawtogetherinsettlements,allowingsometodevelopparticularskills.Afterawhilethefarmerscouldproducesurpluses,andthevariousproductscouldbeexchanged.

Livingtogethermeantsecurity.Butpeoplealsodrewtogetherforthepracticaladvantagesofbeinginaparticularplace:byariverorspring,onadefensiblehillorpeninsula,nexttoanestuary(themouthofariver)orothersourceoffood.Alsoimportant,arguehistorians,wasasettlement'scapacitytodrawpeopletoitasameeting-place,oftenforsacredorspiritualpurposes.Gres,groves,evenceightbeeplaceorceremoniesandrituals.Mandidnotlivebybreadalone.

Butbread,inthebroadestsense,wasimportant.Peoplecametocitiesnotjusttoworshipbuttotradeandthegoodstheyboughtandsoldwerenotjustfarmproductsbutthemanufacturesofurbancraftenandskilledworkers.Thecitybecameacentreofexchange,bothofgoodsandofideas,andsoitalsobecameacentreoflearning,andinnovation.

Citiesweremuchmorethanallofthis,ofcourse,andtheywerenotallthesame.Astheydeveloped,someweremostnotablefortheirreligiousrole,asthehubofanempire,ascentresofadministration,politicaldevelopment,learning,ormerce.Someflourished,somedied,theirlongevitydependingonfactorsasvariedasconquest,plague,misgovernmentoreconomiccollapse.

36.Thefirstparagraphsuggeststhatearlyhumanbeings'livingplaces_________.

[A]startedeitherinEdenoreastAfrica

[B]hadmuchtodowithfoodinthebeginning

[C]weredominatedbytheirpursuits

[D]developedintolargecities6,000yearsago

37.Inthesecondparagraph,theauthormainlyintendstotellusthat________.

[A]theemergenceofcitiesseemtobeaforabledevelopment

[B]nothingsignificantwasdevelopedinthecountryside

[C]urbanpeopleneedbothfoodandentertainments

[D]countrysidedidmakecontributionstohumanhistory

38.Onereasonwhypeoplebegantolivetogetheristhat_______.

[A]theyneededtofindfoodtogether

[B]theywouldassembleforparticularpurposes

[C]theycouldbeprotectedbyriversorgres

[D]theycouldsharethenearbynaturalresources

39.Bysaying"Mandidnotlivebybreadalone"(line5,paragraph4),theauthormeans________.

[A]peopleneededtoeatarietyoffood

[B]menoftenlivedbesidefoodsources

[C]menoughttoliveamorenoblelife

[D]besideood,therewereotherpursuitormen

40.Whichofthefollowingcouldbestsummarizethepassage

[A]Thecityrises,thecountryfalls—thehistoryofhuman'slivingplaces.

[B]Fromhunting/gatheringtoexchanging—thehistoryofcityfunctions.

[C]Fromvillagestocities—thehistoryofurbanity.

[D]Isolated,country,united,urban—howcountrysideandcitiesdiffer.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Allbigideasstartlifeonthefringesofdebate.Veryoftenittakesashockingeventtomovethemintothemainstream.Untillastyearclimatechangewaainlytheinterestofscientistsandgreenlobbyists.ButsinceHurricaneKatrina,somethingseemstohechanged,particularlyinAmerica.Nobodyknowswhetherthehurricanereallyhadanythingtodowiththeearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout.

Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain'spro-businessConservativesheturnedgreen,AlGoreisbackinfashioninAmerica,hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.[41]____________________.

Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghecentredontwopolluters,oggyfactoriesanddirtycars.[42]_______________________.

Insomeways,theairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld'an-madecarbonemissions.[43]_____________________.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoney,theyheimprovedthelivesofmillions.

[44]________________________.Airtransportwillsoonbecentral,notmarginal,totheemissionsissue.

What,ifanything,shouldbedoneAsusual,therearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandthrottle(抑制)anindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhand,airlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution.

[45]_________________________.And,althoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflying,demandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related,manyofthosejourneysareessential,butothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference.

However,addressingindividuals'conscienceswon'tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblem,whichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstands,themarketisinfourofairtrel,theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem,othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollution,andletspolluterstradetherighttoemit.

[A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld'irstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationally,thatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfections,anddesignabetterschemeforairlines.

[B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.Ifitdecidesinfour,thewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpact,foritwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEU,itseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions.

[C]Slowly,businesenandpoliticiansareingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechange,itsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostorallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled.

[D]Asthedebategrows,someflyerayreconsidertheirways.Putfrankly,airtrelmakesamockeryofmanypeople'sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletowork,neverbuyaerosols(喷雾剂)andturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights.

[E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystem(ETS)foritivedirtiestindustries.InAmerica,althoughtheBushadministrationstillresistederallegislation,moreandmorestatesdonot.

[F]Yetinotherways,airlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflights,andthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.Theiremissionsareespeciallydamaging,too.Andtheindustry'senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries.

[G]Surfacetransport,bycontrast,produces22%.Europe'erchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdo,andnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividuali(and,somewouldsay,individualselfishness)—airlinesarepublictransport,jamminginaanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

AFrenchman,thepsychologistAlfredBi,publishedthefirststandardizedtestofhumanintelligencein1905.(46)ButitwasanAmerican,LewisTerman,apsychologyprofessoratStanford,whothoughttodivideatesttaker's"mentalage,"asrevealedbythatscore,byhisorherbiologicalagetoderiveanumberthathecalled"IQ".Itwouldbehardtothinkofapop-scientificcoinagethathashadagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandothers.

(47)NocountryembracedtheIQmorethoroughlythantheU.S.,wheremillionsofpeoplehetheirIQmeasuredannually,manywithadirectdescendantofBi'soriginaltest,althoughnotnecessarilyforthepurposeBiintended.Hedevelopedhistestasawayofidentifyingpublicschoolstudentswhoneededextrahelpinlearning,andthatisstilloneofitsleadinguses.

ButthebroaderandmorecontroversialuseofIQtestinghasitsrootsinatheoryofintelligence—partscience,partsociology—thatdevelopedinthelate19thcentury,beforeBi'sworkandentirelyseparatefromit.(48)ChampionedfirstbyCharlesDarwin'scousinFrancisGalton,itheldthatintelligencewasthemostvaluablehumanattribute,alotofwhichcouldhelppeoplebeidentifiedandputinleadershippositions.

TermanbelievedIQtestsshouldbeusedtoconductagreatsortingoutofthepopulation,sothatyoungpeoplewouldbeassignedonthebasisoftheirscorestoparticularlevelsintheschoolsystem,whichwouldleadtocorrespondingsocioeconomicdestinationsinadultlife.ThebeginningoftheIQ-testingmovementoverlappedwiththeeugenicovement—hugelypopularinAmericaandEuropeamongthe"bettersort".

In1958aBritishsociologistnamedMichaelYoungcoinedtheword"meritocracy"todenoteasocietythatanizesitselfaccordingtoIQ-testscores.TermanandmanyotherearlyadvocatesofIQtestinghadinmindthecreationofanAmericanmeritocracy,thoughtheworddidn'texistthen.(49)TheybelievedIQtestscouldbethemeanstocreate,forthefirsttimeever,asocietyinwhichadvantagewouldgotothepeoplewhodeserveditratherthantothosewhohadbeenbornintoit.

Inordertobelievethis,though,youhetobelievethatmeritandascoreonanIQtestarethesamething.(50)LongbeforeIQwasinvented,Americaprideditselfonbeingacountrywithoutaclasssystem,inwhichpeopleoftalentandindustrywouldriseandberewarded.TheadventofintelligencetestsdidnotdramaticallyaffectthedegreeofsocialmobilityintheU.S.—atleastnotenoughforanychangetoshowupinthesocial-sciencedata.

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

OneofyourfriendsWangTaoisgoingtopursuehisM.A.studiesatPrincetonUniversity.Hewillarrivethereonemonthbeforeregistration.WritealettertoyourfriendMarkGreenatthatuniversity.

1)introduceWangTao

2)askhimtohelpWangTaogetfamiliarwiththeuniversityandrentanapartmentthere.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen

3)giveyourments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)

试题答案

SectionI

1.C2.D3.A4.A5.B6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B

11.A12.C13.D14.C15.B16.D17.A18.B19.D20.C

SectionII

PartA

21.D22.A23.B24.D25.C26.B27.D28.A29.C30.B

31.C32.D33.D34.B35.A36.B37.D38.B39.D40.C

PartB

41.E42.B43.G44.F45.D

PartC

46.然而,是一位美国人LewisTerman(斯坦福大学的心理学教授)尝试将智商测试分数表现出的"心理/智力年龄"除以他或她的生理年龄,得出了一个数值,他将其称之为智商(IQ).

47.没有一个国家像美国那样彻底地信奉IQ,每年数百万美国人测试他们的智商,很多人都使用Bi原始测试题的直接派生品,但其目的不一定符合Bi的初衷.

48.这种理论最早得到达尔文的表弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿的支持,该理论认为,智力是最有价值的人类特质,很高的智力(很多的这种特质)会帮助人们得到认可并被推举到领导者的位置上.

49.他们相信智商测试可以第一次成为创造这样一个社会的手段:在此社会中,好处会给予理应得到好处的人,而不是给那些生来就已经获得好处的人.

50.早在IQ发明以前,美国以自己是无阶级体系的国家而自豪,在这个国家,有才能,勤奋的人会崛起,会得到回报.

SectionIII

小作文范文

DearM,

IamwritingtointroduceWangTao,oneofmybestfriends,toyou.HehasjustgraduatedfromTsinghuaUniversitythisyearandwillpursuehisM.A.studiesatPrincetonUniversity.Ashewillarriveonemonthbeforeregistration,itwouldbedifficultforhimtosettledown.SoIamwonderingifyoucouldoffersomehelptohim.Wouldyoushowhimaroundtheuniversityandgivehimsomeguidanceonthelifeandacademicstudiesinthisuniversity

Astheuniversitydoesnotprovidelodging,wouldyoukindlyhelphimrentanapartmentIwouldappreciateitsomuchforyourhelp.HeisveryniceandIbelieveyouwillgetalongwellwithhim.

Yourssincerely,

LiMing

大作文范文

Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,amanisstandingbytheprecipice,withablacksignbehindhim,whichindicatestherightdirection.Thetitlereads"Direction".

Obviously,thispictureintendstoconveytousthiessage:itisnotwherewearethatcountsbutthedirectionwechoosedoes.Putanotherway,ifwedon'thearightdirectionorsetupawronggoal,alloureffortswilljustturnouttobeafailure.Wemayevengetintodangeroussituations.

IwanttotakeLiKaifu,aformervicepresidentofMicrosoft,asanexample.Hiirstmajorwaslawstudies,butsoonhefoundhimselfcrazyaboutprogramming.HeresolutelychangedhisgoalandstrivedtogetAgradesinalltheputercourses.Theresultwasrewarding:heisnowaworldfamousputerscientist.Withoutthischange,hecouldbeamediocrelawyerbutcouldneverbeasgreatasheisnow.

Awrongdirection,ontheotherhand,maypushusoveraprecipice,justasthepicturehasindicated.Naturally,it'snotexaggeratingtosaythatthedirectionorgoalmeanslifeanddeath.Itisthereforehighlysensiblethatwefindourownrightdirectionandthensticktoit!

答案解析

SectionI

1.答案C.arise意思为出现,A发生,B升起,D引起(及物动词).这几个选项都不能与主语questions构成符合逻辑的主谓(动宾)搭配.

2.答案D.该题需要对下文涉及到的ments属性进行推测.JamesWatson认为非洲人的智商与白人并不相同,从他的言论来看,这是很不明智的.D"愚蠢的"最接近他言论的性质.A迅速的,通常指反应迅速的,而下文并无紧迫性的内容提示,因此不会有"迅速的"言论.B匆忙的,排除的理由类似,下文并没有线索说明他的评论很匆忙.C笼统的,一般的,也不符合下文他言论的性质.

3.答案A.考查信息的呼应,仍然要从下文寻找线索.本段最后一句话指出Dr.Waston被迫离开实验室,这说明说错话的后果是很严重的.只有A"杀伤职业的"符合下文事实.

4.答案A.考查搭配,更重要的是考查上下文逻辑推理.因为下文指出他认为实验表明非洲人智商实际上与白人并不是相同的,显然他对于非洲的前景并不看好.因此只有A"悲观的"符合题意.

5.答案B.从空白处前后逻辑关系来看,后者显然是他不看好非洲前景的原因,而不是其它逻辑关系.也就是说,因为现在社会政策都建立在非洲人智商与白人相同的基础上,(而)所有实验表明并非如此,所以他不看好非洲的前景.

6.答案B.前后逻辑为转折,前面为肯定的说法"非洲人与白人智商相同",后面否定了前者,因此应为转折关系,即B选项whereas.

7.答案C.空白处前面的such表明这是指代上文的内容,而上文是JamesWatson的言论,因此remarks才符合题意.干扰项tests似乎是对应了testing,但本句的表语是notmerely___,结合下文选项进行相互验证,根据语境判断,"这种7不仅8,它们从科学角度来说很怪诞".因此第8应为否定的含义,而从下面内容来看,是在批评这种观点.因此第7题只有remarks才合适.

8.答案A.意思是这样的言论不仅侮辱人,得罪人等,而且从科学角度来说很怪诞.notmerely表明前者说法与后面一致,因此必须是消极的.干扰项B不能准确概括Waston言论的属性,因为他的话是对非洲人的歧视.

9.答案D.指非洲是现代人类的发源地.A选项意为文明,B选项意为文化,C选项意为社会,分别代入原文后,意思与常识不符合,现代人类起源于非洲是共识,但现代文明,文化,社会并非起源于非洲.

10.答案B.resulting是判断选项的关键,意思是导致的等.也就是要推测上文他的言论导致了什么东西使他被迫离开实验室.uproar意为轩然大波,指的是他的言论引起了很多人的不满.其余选项代入后,意义上均不能导致他被迫离开.

11.答案A.从本句wiserpractitioners来看,这是跟上文stupid形成了比较,因此是值得庆幸的.其余的副词都无法形成连贯的上下文呼应关系.

12.答案C.从上下文来看,讨论的是智商与基因之间的关系.其余的选项A意为类似之处,B意为不同和矛盾,在语境中都没有关键信息与之对应.

13.答案D.代入后意思是指导一个项目.A选项意思是"赞助",从上下文来看,TerrieMoffitt是大学里的科研人员,因此"赞助"不符合语境.其余选项代入后语义都不合理.

14.答案C.意思是判断先天与后天之间的相对重要性.重点干扰项A意思为调查,其宾语往往为事件,与importance不搭配.

15.答案B.意思是研究母乳喂养对智商的影响.干扰项C代入后意思是他的研究团队发现了这种影响,这明显与下文早期研究的发现不相符.

16.答案D.by表示智商高出的幅度.

17.答案A.意思是怀疑FADS2的基因与智商差异有关.Doubt意思是tobeuncertainaboutsth.(不太相信或怀疑),多指怀疑或不确认事情(的真实性).而suspect指的是某种程度上相信或认定.如Isuspectedhestolemycellphone.其余选项代入后意思都无法与上段构成转折.

18.答案B.跟上文有关,既然是怀疑有关,那么他们很明显是"想知道"两种变体等.

19.答案D.接上题,意思是他们"想知道"是否两种变体跟母乳有不同反应.这从下文的研究过程也可以看出.

20.答案C.drawon搭配意思为"利用".重点干扰项D代入后,搭配的短语意思为"回顾",但根据上下文研究情况来看,很明显这是首次利用数据,还没有谈到已经完成研究,要对数据进行回顾.

SectionII

PartA

Text1

21.答案D.只有sharpen才隐含对应的下文alter"改变"的含义,其它都无改变的意思.

22.答案A.对应第二段最后一句,他暗示内在能力是女性在某些领域无法领先的原因.B说法太绝对,他并没有指出女性在所有研究领域都落后.C是一种建议.他只是说女性在这些领域弱,并没有建议女性在这些领域找工作.D无任何线索证明这是他的观点.

23.答案B.B与第六段最后一句话意义一致.A与第三段第二句意思不符.原文指新达尔文主义提供了知识基础,并非是明确的证据,该选项属于偷换概念.C与第四段最后一句不符.D范围太笼统,而原文倒数第二段倒数第二句指出塔一些部分很难占领.

24.答案D.A说法太绝对,notnecessarily意思是不一定,已经否定了生理的决定性作用.B信息的胡乱搭配,两者在原文并无进行关系说明(历年真题常有的命题方式,将文章无关信息胡乱构成逻辑关系).C问题在于,改变的并非生理差异,而是通过后天训练改变人的能力.

25.答案C.全文围绕对女性的错误衡量方式展开,指出女性很多方面并不比男性差,即使在传统上认为男性强势的领域也是如此.A错误在于,全文多处内容为女性辩护,而非强调到底谁聪明.B选项强调女性在某些领域的落后,这并非文章反复讨论的内容.D更是曲解了文章的意思.原文最后一段指出确实有先天因素,但这并不是说就不可改变,很多能力对来说都是可以通过训练来改变的,这种训练是有效的.

Text2

26.答案B.B的意思是虚拟世界没有边界,与第一段"placelessdatasphere(无边界的数据领域)"一致,并与后面例子"cyberspacedoesnotliewithinyourborders"也吻合.A选项符合一般常识,但原文advocates并无此说法.C选项与原文不一致,原文virtualworld等,liberatedfrom等oftherealworld,意思是虚拟世界从现实世界的束缚和限制中解放出来.而C意思是数码空间解放了现实世界,是曲解.D选项意思是数码空间任何人都可以免费进入,这里forfree指的是免费,而不是"自由".这与第一段最后一句不符合.

27.答案D.D与原文第二句对应,指出支持新科技的人喜欢虚拟世界是自由世界这个概念,而下文Barlow是典型代表.A对Barlow的话断章取义,他并非批评工业国家政府,只是在表明自己支持虚拟世界,并且作者提到Barlow的目的不是他的发言本身,而是为了证明一个论点.B范围过大,反推一下,如果B为正确答案,则JohnBarlow的话是为了证明"互联网对社会的影响"这个主题,而文章行文并非如此,所以应排除.C选项扩大了主题,JohnBarlow只是倡导网络世界的公平,而C选项去掉了倡导公平的范围.

28.答案A.A对应第二段最后一句话.互联网会成为"终极孤立技术",这个孤立指的是人沉溺于互联网而很少有时间与家人和朋友交流.选项B担心朋友永不见面的说法太绝对.C偷换概念,原文指的是沉溺于网上的社交网站,而并非一般的社会关系网,socialworks的意思是"社交圈子,关系网"的意思.D项里孤立的对象和范围与原文不一致,选项里指的是将人们在网络里隔离开,而原文指的是将人们在现实生活中隔离开.

29.答案C.C与第三段表述一致,即人们的网络活动也会影响现实中的活动,第三段第四,五句例子证明了这一点.A与第三段第二,三句不一致,原文指出虚拟世界里同现实世界一样都有犯罪和欺诈.B是对第四段第三句的曲解.原文意思是线上和线下聊天的区别已经不再重要,而不是两者不再有区别.D与第三段第四句不相符,原文只是提到收税的人现在想要了解虚拟世界可以赚钱的情况,但并没有明确指出现在必须缴税.

30.答案B.B对应最后三段的讨论内容,即作者认为虚拟世界和现实世界是相互依存的.A违反作者态度,第三段首句作者就指出两方都错了.C与作者态度相反,全文最后一句说:这种融合可能不是乌托邦理想主义者和批评家们能够预见的,但照样很适合其他的人.这表明作者是支持虚拟与现实结合的.D是批评家们的态度,并非作者的态度.

Text3

31.答案C.从文章结构来看,作者谈到航运业和港口的作用,该行业存在污染问题,又讨论了解决措施,并指出改革会带来的问题.因此C项符合要求,它整体概括了南加州航运业的问题.A,B,D都只是这个大的主题讨论的一部分,属于以偏概全,故应排除.

32.答案D.例句为原文第一段第二句,因此需要到前边段首句找线索,句子强调了航运业的重要性,具有一定概括性,因此以这两个港口作例子是具体说明这一点.D选项直接表述了这一点.A,B选项就事论事说明这两个港口的重要性,而不是它们所代表的行业整体的作用,因此应该排除.C选项与原文第一句观点相反.

33.答案D.D与原文第二段最后两句话表达的意思一致.A与全文首句不一致,原文只是说航运比好莱坞在促进经济方面作用更大,并没有否认好莱坞.B曲解了第一段最后一句话.原文把港口比喻成引擎,意思是航运业污染严重,但并没有把航运业与其它产业进行污染程度的比较.C与第二段第二句不相符.原文指的是住在通往港口公路两旁的人受影响最大.从第四段港口解决措施来看,污染主要来自卡车,并非港口.

34.答案B.B对应原文第四段第二句,将对进入港口的卡车收费,因此实际上是卡车工人提供了控制措施的资金.A与第一句意思不一致,原文指出这会对当地经济产生巨大影响,但下面文章并未直接点明经济上的影响是正面的.C与第四段第三句不一致,原文意思是将独立的承包商变成更有组织的公司集团,C与此完全相反.D与第四段首句不一致,原文只是替换升级部分卡车,旧的将被淘汰,并非升级.

35.答案A.最后一段第一句提出改革会威胁港口竞争力,原因应该从下文搜索.文章指出,目前卡车司机是无雇主的,只能接受而不能决定,无法组成联盟,因此没有议价权.这意味着参加工会联盟可以提高他们议价能力.第四句指出,这项改革将让这些人成为少数几个公司的员工,因此他们的劳动报酬会提高,这对港口来说会增加成本.只有A符合原文的意思.B是卡车工人现在的处境有利于港口竞争力,与题干不构成因果关系.C与原文意思完全相反.D环保组织与港口竞争力没有关系,而原文最后一句话是将其与Teamsters的工会进行比较,指的是工会更欢迎港口改革方案.

Text4

36.答案B.A与首段首句意思不一致,原文提到的伊甸园是指人类起源的上帝造人说,非洲则指的是进化论的观点,意思是不管根据宗教还是科学的说法,人们起源时并不是城市居民.C与首段第二句不一致,原文ruralpursuits指的是狩猎和采集等农业活动,而第二句dominate指的是上一句里的寻找食物.D选项6000年错误,原文说的是1万1千年前开始建成村,又过了6000年才形成10万人以上的城市,因此应该是距今5000年左右.

37.答案D.段落首句This指上段提到的城市的形成,指这是个良好的发展.但本段并非以此为中心,因为下一句话提出:如果要说农村没有什么重要贡献,这是令人质疑的,然后文中继续举例证明农村的作用,如发明wheel,bread等,这证明段落中心话题是农村发挥的历史作用.因此只有D符合原文大意.

38.答案B.A"他们需要一起寻找食物"未提及,原文第四段第二句只提及住在河口和食物来源附近,并不是说要一起寻找食物,而文章指出一起寻找食物发生在人类没有城市之前.B对应第四段第三句和第四句,意思是聚居地是人们进行庆典和举行仪式的地方,故为正确选项.C选项与第四段意思不符,原文第一句"住在一起意味着安全",但第二句指出群居在某一特定地方也有其它实际好处.原文defensiblehills对安全有帮助,但byariverorspring以及gre并非安全原因.选项D"他们可以共享附近自然资源",share"共享"并没有明确体现.

39.答案D.句子字面意思是:人不仅靠面包活着.在第四段第三,四句提到的是城市使得人们能够集会,经常是出于宗教或精神目的.岩洞等地方成为人们举行仪式的地方.通过上文的对比,可以看出D选项是与原文一致的.A选项是望文生义,将字面意义理解为除了面包还要吃其它食物.而B选项是利用了原文第一句中的by等orothersourceoffood,扭曲了原文的含义.C选项是过度引申,将其它方面的追求等同于高尚,偷换概念.

40.答案C.文章讨论了城市的兴起和对人类历史的贡献,概括了城市的整体作用和历史变迁.该选项"从农村到城市—城市化历史"能够全面概括这个过程.A主标题不准确,文章并没定论城市兴起,农村衰落,事实上很多城市是从农村演化而来的.B只概括了城市功能的历史,这只是文章的部分内容,不全面.D概括全文为城乡差别,明显偏离主线.主旨题可以将选项进行反推,即,如果某选项为真,全文要从各个角度对该选项进行论述,不符合这个特征就要排除.

PartB

41.答案E.本段首句讲到对环境态度变化的迹象,然后列举各种具体事例.因此剩余空白内容最有可能继续列举.比较各选项,我们可以发现[E]是在说明各个公司和美国各州采取的行动,与上文最契合.

42.答案B.段首句讲到对于全球变暖的争论主要围绕工厂和汽车.而下一段首句来看,某些方面航空运输对于绿色环保人士是很奇怪的抨击目标.很明显,上文必然已提过航空运输成为攻击对象,否则内容就不能连贯起来.比较各选项,[B]选项最符合语境.Nowanewfront是对Sofar等这句话的一种转折,最后一句话指出航空运输必然要面对为排放物写单的要求,又为下一段开头句做好了铺垫.

43.答案G.本段开头提到飞机对于绿色环保人士来说是很奇怪的抨击目标,然后指出飞机污染只占碳排放的3%.而空白后面的句子仍在说明飞机运输的好处.因此缺失内容应该是正面论述航空运输,这样才能保持段落内容的连贯一致.选项G最符合语境,用水陆运输排放量与飞机的进行对比,证明飞机污染低得多,然后指出飞机是公共交通工具,承载人数多,这与剩余的句子内容上是一致的.

44.答案F.上一段主要讲飞机对于绿色环保人士来说是很奇怪的抨击目标,然后谈论飞机运输的诸多好处.而这一段剩余的一句话讲到航空运输很快成为污染物排放问题的中心议题,而不是边缘问题,这表明本段应该与上段形成对比:上段为正面意义,本段则为反面影响.对比各选项,只有F符合要求,第一句话就是对上文的转折,指出飞机是很好的靶子,紧接着列举原因.

45.答案D.从下文来看,And表明内容应该与上文有并列,And之后的大意是,尽管其它交通方式不能轻易取代飞机,但对很多航班的需求上很敏感.这句话暗示飞机旅行需求大,机票低,下文证明了这一点:很多人飞机旅行的目的不比打个或电视会议重要多少.D选项符合要求,指出乘坐飞机的人要过一种绿色环保的生活坚持不了多久,坐几次飞机以后这些美德就抛到九霄云外了.这和And之后的内容是一致的,都是个人的行为很难改变.而下一段的首句即提到唤醒个人良知并不能解决所有问题.

PartC

46.然而,是一位美国人LewisTerman(斯坦福大学的心理学教授)尝试将智商测试分数表现出的"心理/智力年龄"除以他或她的生理年龄,得出了一个数值,他将其称之为智商(IQ).

【简析】本句结构较复杂,主干是一个强调句itwasAmerican等who等.American后面是插入的同位语,分别说明人物的姓名,身份.divideatest等后面与其逻辑关系密切的方式状语byhisorher等被一个定语从句asrevealed等给分割开,翻译时要注意.译文选词方面,一要注意动词短语thinktodosth.,意思不是"考虑做某事",而是"试图,尝试做某事",二要注意American与后面斯坦福大学不能合并翻译为"美国斯坦福大学",否则其意义违背了原文,斯坦福大学的教授不一定是美国人,因此American必须翻成"美国人".


47.没有一个国家像美国那样彻底地信奉IQ,每年数百万美国人测试他们的智商,很多人都使用Bi原始测试题的直接派生品,但其目的不一定符合Bi的初衷.

【简析】本句主干是一个比较级结构加although转折句式.词汇翻译方面,一是many的指代对象,在这里指的是前面的复数概念millionsofpeople,不能理解为IQtests,二是与此相关的descendant本意是后代,在这里是其引申意义,"派生物,派生品"的意思,三是连词although在这里并不是"虽然,尽管"等让步的意思,而是转折"但是"的意思.如果译成"虽然",后面句式就成了让步句子,这在逻辑上和汉语结构的表达上均无法接受.

48.这种理论最早得到达尔文的表弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿的支持,该理论认为,智力是最有价值的人类特质,很高的智力(很多的这种特质)会帮助人们得到认可并被推举到领导者的位置上.

【简析】本句结构包含一个分词短语状语,主句部分的表语由非限制性定语从句which等修饰.Which逻辑上可以指intelligence,也可以看作是mostvaluablehumanattribute.词汇翻译方面,注意代词it指代的是上文的theoryofintelligence,要明确翻出"这种理论"."cousin"在缺乏背景信息情况下,只能翻成两可的表兄/弟.实际上他(生于1822年)是达尔文(生于1809年)的表弟.人名可以音译为弗朗西斯·高尔顿.如果是非常见人名照抄英文也可以.

49.他们相信智商测试可以第一次成为创造这样一个社会的手段:在此社会中,好处会给予理应得到好处的人,而不是给那些生来就已经获得好处的人.

【简析】本句含有考研英语中考查的典型分割结构.Create的宾语society被状语短语forthefirsttimeever分割开来,翻译时必须复原动宾关系.词汇翻译方面,一是means为"手段"的意思,二是代词等deservedit等指代的是advantage,"好处".

50.早在IQ发明以前,美国以自己是无阶级体系的国家而自豪,在这个国家,有才能,勤奋的人会崛起,会得到回报.

【简析】本句结构较简单.主句部分词汇翻译方面,一是短语prideoneselfon,意思为"以等而自豪",二是注意industry在这里用的是其不常见含义,并非"产业,工业"的意思,而是"勤奋"的意思.

新东方2016年度考研英语冲刺试卷

新东方考研英语研究委员会第1页共18页