怀化学院本科毕业文任务书

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内蒙古财经大学外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文写作规范

第一条本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标的重要教学环节.毕业论文的写作是对学生综合素质的检验.它既是检测学生综合运用所学的基础理论,专业知识和基本技能进行科学研究,理论思考与实践设计能力的重要手段,也是对学生进行初步的科研训练,掌握基本的科研方法,培养观察问题,分析问题和解决问题能力的重要过程.本科毕业论文是学校教学档案的重要组成部分,为了进一步做好英语专业本科生毕业论文工作,加强本科毕业论文的规范管理,结合我校实际,特制定本写作规范.

第二条总体要求

本科毕业论文要求学生在掌握本专业的基础理论专门知识和基本技能CoverPage)汉语版本采用内蒙古财经大学本科毕业论文标准格式,英语封面采用内蒙古财经大学外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文英文封面格式.

第二部分:摘 要页(TitlePage)摘 要页共两份,第一页为汉语摘 要,第二页为英文摘 要.Abstract四号加粗居中.

第三部分:论文致谢页(Acknowledgments居中四号加粗)

第四部分:论文目录页(ContentsPage居中四号加粗)

第五部分:论文正文(Body)

第六部分:论文尾注(Endnotes)(必要时)

第七部分:论文参考文献(Bibliography)以APA格式为准.参考网上APA格式.

第八部分:附录(Appendix)(必要时)

第六条毕业论文装订

(一)毕业论文的装订顺序应为:论文封面页,论文题目与摘 要页,论文致谢页,论文目录页,论文正文,论文尾注,论文参考书目.

(二)毕业论文装订份数总计5份,1份用于存档,另4份用于论文评阅与答辩(答辩时学生使用的论文自备,不需装订).1份用于存档论文连同答辩材料(见教务处《本科毕业论文答辩材料》)装订,答辩材料在前,论文在后一起装订.要求胶装成册.

第七条论文各组成部分的写作规范.

论文封面页

论文封面页采用学校统一的封面格式,内容包括毕业论文题目(中外文),系别,专业,年级,学号,学生,指导教师及职称.

论文题目与摘 要页

1.论文中文题目与摘 要页用中文撰写,外文题目与摘 要页用外文撰写.

2.摘 要页包括摘 要(150~200字)以及关 键 词(3~5个),论文摘 要与摘 要正文与关 键 词之间均空一行,"摘 要"二字用黑体四号加粗居中,摘 要正文其余各自然段首行缩进2个中文字符,"关 键 词"部分左起顶格,不须首行缩进.

3.论文英文摘 要页包括摘 要Abstract(约100--200字左右)以及关 键 词keywords(3~5个).

4.论文中英摘 要放置顺序为:中文摘 要在前,外文摘 要在后.

5.论文中外文题目与摘 要页的其他规范见示例:

示例1:论文中摘 要页

摘 要:

二战结束以后,世界范围的战争彻底结束了.战后,世界经济得到迅猛发展,几次工业革命正在不断改变和提高着人们的生活.然而,在看似平静和繁荣的全球背景之下,在各个地区的力量中心依旧战火不断.这引来了学术界的激烈争论,最着名的当属以《文明冲突论》的作者亨廷顿为代表的学派.该派学者认为,冷战结束后,由于对宗教和传统文化的狂热追求和强烈的文化归属感,地区冲突的主要原因已不再是政治,经济,军事或外交,而是以宗教为划分基础的文明之间的冲突.然而笔者认为,事实并非如此.

论文首先从理论的角度分析了各大宗教派别信仰的相似之处,即和平,包容,证明宗教本身共存的可能性.随后作者阐述了伊斯兰教的特征及原教旨主义运动的发展,论述了激进组织和极端分子不应被视为宗教的代表,甚至从某种意义上说,不能被认为是宗教的一部分.最后,本文又通过透彻的案例分析对产生当前各主要地区冲突(如伊朗问题,巴以冲突等)的原因进行分析,说明了军事和经济等因素在地区冲突中所占位置.由此作者得出结论,宗教是地区冲突的原因之一,但并非主要原因.

通过本文的写作,笔者表达了对当前流行的文明冲突派观点的不赞同,希望经过深入的分析和细致的举例,达到证明宗教并非冲突之源的目的.事实是,宗教是我们人类历史的灿烂瑰宝,应与以保护,并不断使之发扬光大.

怀化学院本科毕业文任务书参考属性评定
有关论文范文主题研究: 关于参考文献的论文范文集 大学生适用: 学院学士论文、硕士论文
相关参考文献下载数量: 48 写作解决问题: 怎么写
毕业论文开题报告: 论文任务书、论文总结 职称论文适用: 论文发表、初级职称
所属大学生专业类别: 怎么写 论文题目推荐度: 最新题目

(空一行)

关 键 词:宗教,文明冲突,极端分子,地区冲突根源

示例2:论文英文摘 要页

Abstract

(空一格)

Inaglobalworld,aninterculturalnegotiationislikelytobeemoreplexanddifficultthanthatofadomesticone,becausetheprocessofnegotiation,withinthesameculturalbackground,couldbegenerallypredictedandactuallysteered,howeverglobalnegotiationaremorelikelytobeuncertainorevenfraughtwithmorechallengesbecauseainterculturalnegotiationconductedthroughouttheworldisthebusinesstalkamongdifferentmoldsofthinking,andvariouethodsofmunications.Thenmanagersarerequiredtomanageculturaldifferencesatinternationalbusinesssituationsasoneoftheessentialmanagerialskills.Succesulinterculturalnegotiationsshouldcreatenewsolutionsthatcanbringmutuallybeneficialresults,thatisawin-winsolution.Toachievethiseffectivenessofnegotiation,itisnecessarytoacquireinterculturalnegotiationskills.

(空一格)

Keywords:BusinessnegotiationCulturaldiversityCommunicationskills

(三)论文致谢页

1.外语类专业学生毕业论文致谢应用英文撰写.

2.论文致谢页包括外文单词"(Acknowledgments居中四号加粗)"和致谢正文(150~200字).

3.外文单词"致谢"用四号加粗居中排列,该单词与致谢正文之间空一行,正文内容各自然段首行缩进5字符.

4.论文致谢页的其他规范见示例:

示例3:论文致谢页

Acknowledgements

(空一行)

Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpresyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorX,bothforhisintellectualguidanceandforhiswarmandconstantencouragementduringtheprocessofwritingthisthesis.Withpatienceandprudence,helaboredthroughdraftsofthisthesisandpointedoutdefectsinmytheorizing.Therefore,Ioweallthemeritsinthisthesis,ifany,tohim,thoughIamfullyawarethatthethesiightstillcontainsomemistakes,forwhichIbearthewholeresponsibility.

MycordialandsincerethanksgotoalltheteachersintheDepartmentofEnglish,whoseinterestingandinformativecourseshebenefitedmealotduringmycollegeyears.TheprofitthatIgainedfromtheirprofoundknowledge,remarkableexpertiseandintellectualingenuitywillbeofeverlastingsignificancetomyfuturelifeandcareer.

Iamalsoverygratefultomyclasates,whohegivenmealotofhelpandcourageduringmystayintheUniversityandthroughouttheprocessofwritingthisthesis.

Lastbutnottheleast,bigthanksgotomyfamilywhohesharedwithmemyworries,frustrations,andhopefullymyultimatehappinessineventuallyfinishingthisthesis.

(四)论文目录页

1.论文目录页采用主题式目录或短句式目录,主题式目录中的所有列举项均为名词(分词),名词(分词)短语及其它非谓语结构,短句式目录则以短句的形式标示各组成部分的写作内容.

2.主题式或短句式目录均采用制,第一级编号为罗马字(PartI,PartII,PartIII,等),第二级编号为(1,2,3,等),第编号为阿拉伯数字(1.11.2,1.3,等).

3.论文目录页的具体内容包括外文单词"TableofContent",论文各主要部分名称及所在页码.

4.外文单词"目录"用四号,加粗,居中对齐,目录页正文字号用小四,1.5倍行距排列.

5.论文目录页的其他具体规范见示例:

示例4:主题式目录:

TableofContents

(空一行)中文摘 要等等等等等等等等等等等等...等等i

Abstract等等等等等等等等等等等等等等.ii

Acknowledgements等等等等..等等等等等等等iii

PartIIntroduction等等等等等等等等等等等...1

1.1BriefReviewofFunctionalEquivalence等等等等等等2

1.2DefinitionofFunctionalEquivalence等等等等等等..3

1.3DifferentFunctions等等...等等等等等等等等4

1.4AimsandTargets等等等等..等等等等等等..5

PartII.AReviewofAdvertisementTranslationfromEnglishtoChinese等6

2.1TargetsandPrinciplesofAdvertisementTranslation等..等等.等7

2.2RequirementorAdvertisementTranslation等..等等等9

2.3CulturalElementsinAdvertisementTranslation等等等等..11

PartIII.TranslationinLightofFunctionalEquivalence等等等等13

3.1.TheDifferencesBetweenTwoLanguages等等等等.等.15

3.2FunctionalEquivalenceinEnglishAdvertisementTranslation等...17

PartIVConclusion等等等等等等等等等.等等.19

Notes等等等等等等等等等等等等等等..20

Bibliography等等等等等等等等等等等等..22

(五)论文正文

1.论文正文不需要标题.

2.论文章节无需单独起页,章标题用四号加粗,左对齐格式,章内小标题左起顶格,小四字号,无需加粗.

3.标题,小标题与正文之间间距为段前段后各0.5.

4.正文中各自然段首行空4字符.

5.正文中直接引用的原文如果不超过4行,则直接将引文并入正文,并在引用部分的前后使用引号标注,同时在引号之后采用阿拉伯数字,对引文进行注释编号,注释序号应以论文全文为单位统一按序编号,正文中的注释编号应与尾注部分的注释编号相同,注释编号采用上标的方式,数字与引号之间不加空格字符,数字之后空1个字符.

6.直接引用不超过5行(含5行)的短引文,其标点与注释编号采用下列格式:

(1)P.C.Shelleyheldaboldview:"Poetsaretheunacknowledgedlegislatorsoftheworld."1

(2)P.C.Shelleythoughtpoetsare"theunacknowledgedlegislatorsoftheworld"2.

(3)"Poets,"accordingtoShelley,"aretheunacknowledgedlegislatorsoftheworld"3.

7.通过阐释,描述或者转述的方式间接引用别人的观点,则不用引号,而在间接引用结束以后用数字编序的方式进行注解:

(4)P.C.Shelleyoncewroteinabookthatpoetsweretheunauthorizedlaw-makersoftheworld.4

8.直接引用5行以上(含5行)的长引文应与正文分开单独列示,具体格式如下:

(1)论文正文与引文之间用冒号连接.

(2)长引文首尾不用引号.

(3)长引文如果仅有1段,左边每行空8字符:

Inthe1950s,forexample,whileEllingtonwasstillalive,RaymondHorricksparedhimwithRel,Delius,andDebussy:

(空一行)

ThecontinuallyenquiringmindofEllington等hassoughttoextendsteadilytheimaginativeboundariesofthemusicalformonwhichitsubsists等.Ellingtonsincethemid-1930shasbeenengageduponextendingboththeimageryandtheformalconstructionofwrittenjazz.Hisbiographycanwelldemonstrateit.5

(空一行)

Ellington'searliestattempttomovebeyondthethree-minutelimitrecieved等.

(4)长引文如果有2段或者2段以上,则每一自然段的首行应再多空3字符,即首段空13字符,其余各行空10字符.

(5)长引文与正文之间各空一行:

Figuresinliteratureareeitherflatcharacters(onedimensionalfigures,figureswithsimplepersonalities)orroundcharacters(plexfigures).ThecharactersdescribedinthefirstchapterofTheGreatGatsbycanwellberegardedalat:

(空一行)

Ineversawthisgreat-uncle,butI'msupposedtolooklikehim–withspecialreferencetotheratherhard-boiledpaintingthathangsinfather'soffice.

IgraduatedfromNewHenin1915,justaquarterofacenturyaftermyfather,andalittlelaterIparticipatedinthatdelayedTeutonicmigrationknownastheGreatWar.6

(空一行)

However,F.ScottFitzgeraldsucceedsinchangingtheseflatfiguresintoroundonesthroughhiaster-handwritingskillsandin-depthcharacterization.

(六)论文尾注(Endnotes)

1.本科毕业论文的尾注页应该单独起页.

2.论文尾注以全文为单位拉通编序,序号应该与正文中注释的最初编号一致.

3.尾注的数字编号采用上标的形式,数字后空1字符.

4.尾注的行文采用首行缩进的方式,首行缩进4字符.

5.尾注中作者的编排方式采用名前姓后(FirstNameFirst)的原则,如JohnKennedy(外国人),XiaomingLi(中国人的拼音拼写).

6.尾注中汉语注释的格式如下:

7申丹,《叙事学与小说文体学研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,1998年,第69页.

8申丹,"中西神话故事中的叙述结构",《中国比较文学》,2000(3),第54页.

9陈红霞,"浪漫误读与贬抑性误读",收于乐黛云编,《独角兽与龙——中西文化交流中的误读》,北京:北京大学出版社,1996年,第91页.

7.尾注中外文书名或期刊名用斜体标注,出版信息(出版地,出版社,出版年份)用括号扩注,同时标注页码:

示例6:论文尾注页

Notes

(空一行)

2Ibid.,145.

3Ibid..

4PaulStarr,"TheElectronicReader,"inReadinginthe1980s,ed.StephenBraubard(NewYork:Bowker,1983),78.

5NicolasE.DisandGregoryCrane,eds,ThePrintingPressasanAgentofChange(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1979),107.

6WelterW.Powell,"TheHealth-ScienceInformationStruggle:ThePrivateInformationIndustryversusTheNationalLibraryofMedicine,"NewEnglandJournalofMedicine307(15July1982),201.

7PaulStarr,79.

8202.202.193.35/jwmis/mainfrm.asp

9eng.fju.edu.tw/Literary_Critici/new_critici/

(七)论文参考文献

1.本科毕业论文的参考文献数目不得少于5项.外语类专业本科毕业论文须有外文参考文献.

2.本科毕业论文的参考文献页不单独起页,直接写在正文之后,如有尾注,置于尾注之后.

3.论文参考文献中作者的编排方式采用姓前名后(LastNameFirst)的原则,中间用逗号隔开,各意义单元间用实心点标示,如Kennedy,John.(外国人)或胡壮麟(汉语拼写).

4.参考文献的行文采用悬挂缩进的方式,每一书目悬挂缩进4字符.

5.参考文献中如兼有两种文字资料,则应分开排列,先外语后中文,并按照文献条目首词字母排序.

6.参考文献中的外文书名用斜体标注,出版信息(出版地,出版社,出版年份)不用括号扩注,除期刊文章外不用标注页码:

示例7:论文参考文献页

Bibliography

(空一行)[1]Dis,NicolasE.,andGregoryCrane,eds.ThePrintingPressasanAgentofChange.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1979.

(空一行)

[2]Powell,WelterW.."TheHealth-ScienceInformationStruggle:ThePrivateInformationIndustryversusTheNationalLibraryofMedicine."NewEnglandJournalofMedicine307(15July1982),201-223.

[3]Shatzkin,Leonard.InColdType:OveringtheBookCrisis.Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1982.

[4]Starr,Paul."TheElectronicReader."InReadinginthe1980s.Ed.StephenBraubard.NewYork:Bowker,1983.

(空一行)

[5]桂诗春,宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

[6]廖七一"庞德与胡适诗歌翻译的文化思考,"《外国语》2003(6),第54-59页.

[8]尤今·奈达着,严久生译《语言文化与翻译》,呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1998.

第八条适用对象

本规范适用于英语专业本科生毕业论文的撰写.

本规范解释权归商务英语系.

范文

内蒙古财经大学本科毕业论文

浅析中美跨文化谈判差异

作者白怡然

系别会计学院

专业会计学

年级09级会计9班

学号902084414

指导教师赵国栋

导师职称副教授

ForeignLanguagesSchoolof

InnerMongoliaUniversityofFinanceandEconomics

InterculturalNegotiationDifferencebetweenChineseandAmerican

BaiYiran

AthesissubmittedtoForeignLanguagesSchoolof

InnerMongoliaUniversityofFinanceandEconomics

Infull-timefulfillmentoftherequirement

FortheBachelordegreeofofArt

October2016

Hohhot,China

摘 要

在全球化的世界上,就谈判的过程而言与国内相比跨文化谈判很可能变得更加复杂和困难.在相同的文化背景下,可能普遍都能对结果有些确定的预测并能够操纵事情的发展,然而跨文化谈判却有可能对结果的预测不确定甚至是充满更多的挑战,因为跨文化交际是以不同的思维模式和各种交流方式与整个世界进行交际.在有文化差异的国际商业环境中,具有多文化管理技能的人才也是我国所必要和关键的.成功的跨文化谈判应该是能够创新并合理相融从而可以带来互利的结果,必然要有彼此双赢的解决方案.然而为实现这种交流的有效性,我们需要拥有跨文化谈判技巧和策略.本文以中美两国为例,从文化背景,思维理念等角度表明了谈判差异,原因及建议.

关 键 词:商务谈判文化差异沟通技巧

Abstract

Inaglobalworld,aninterculturalnegotiationislikelytobeemoreplexanddifficultthanthatofadomesticone,becausetheprocessofnegotiation,withinthesameculturalbackground,couldbegenerallypredictedandactuallysteered,howeverglobalnegotiationaremorelikelytobeuncertainorevenfraughtwithmorechallengesbecauseainterculturalnegotiationconductedthroughouttheworldisthebusinesstalkamongdifferentmoldsofthinking,andvariouethodsofmunications.Thenmanagersarerequiredtomanageculturaldifferencesatinternationalbusinesssituationsasoneoftheessentialmanagerialskills.Succesulinterculturalnegotiationsshouldcreatenewsolutionsthatcanbringmutuallybeneficialresults,thatisawin-winsolution.Toachievethiseffectivenessofnegotiation,itisnecessarytoacquireinterculturalnegotiationskills.

Keywords:BusinessnegotiationCulturaldiversityCommunicationskills

Acknowledgments

Iamgreatlyindebtedtomysupervisor,ProfessorWangShuting,forhisvaluableinstructionsandsuggestionsonmythesisaswellashiscarefulreadingofthemanuscript.

IfeelgratefultoalltheteachersintheCollegeofForeignLanguagesofChinaUniversityofPetroleumwhoonceofferedmevaluablecoursesandadviceduringmystudy.MysincerethanksarealsogiventoPro.DaiRuiliangandPro.SunChengrong.fromwhoselecturesIbenefitedgreatly.

Lastbutnotleast,Iowemuchtomyfriendsandclasateortheirvaluablesuggestionsandcritiqueswhichareofhelpandimportanceinmakingthethesisareality.

TableofContents

摘 要等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等.等等等ⅰ

Abstract等等等..等等等等等等等等等等等等等.等等ⅱ

Acknowledgments等等等等等等等等等等等等..等等iii

PartIDifferenceComparison...等等等等等等等等1

1.1languageexpressioninFormaloccasions等等等等等2

1.2Differentmanagementmodel等等等等等等等3

1.3Disparatestyleduringthenegotiations等等等等等4

1.4Somethingdifferentinnonverbalmunication等.等等5

1.5AmericanTimeConcept等等等等等等等等6

1.6Differentculturaletiquetteconcepts等等等等等等7

1.7DifferentEducationalIdeas等等等等等等等8

(下同)

PartIIntroduction

Asthebiggestdevelopingcountryintheworld,Chianhasalonghistoryofcivilizationandstrongculturalsystem,whichisthetypicalrepresentativeofeasternculture,HowevertheUnitedStatesistheworld'slargestdevelopedcountry.Asanewdevelopedcapitalistcountries,itisthetypicalrepresentativeofwesternculture.Therefore,betweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesthereisabigculturaldifference,evenculturalconflict.Alsothetwocountrieshesharpcontrastinbusinesunication.

ThedifferentculturesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatescanbesurveyedfrommanyaspects.Suchasindividuali,privacy,opennessanddirectness,independence,petitiveness,thecourtesyinpublic,friendship,moneyusemode,andsoon.Thedifferentculturesbetweentwocountriesinallaspectswillinfluencethebusinesatters.So,thisarticlefocusesonfiveaspectsofthebusinesunicationdifferencesbetweenchinaandAmerica.

1.1languageexpressioninFormaloccasions

Asweknow,Chineseheaquitedifferentsocialvaluefromthewesterners,inpraise,gender,andsoon,Forinstance,Mr.Brownisoverseventiesandalsoisveryhealthyandstrong.AChinesestudentwholivedinthehouseofMr.Brown'sthreeyearsagoisvisitingMr.Brownnow.WhentheChinesestudentseesMr.Brownisasstrongasbefore,hesays,"Youhen'tchangedmuch!""Theintentionofthestudentistoshowhispliment.Instead,theresultisopposite.InEnglish,themeaningof"youhen'tchangedmuch"isnotequivalenttothatof"youhen'tbeeolder".

Informaloccasionsitbeeoreapparent.AnthropologistHoareaccordingtothelanguageofdirectdegreethinksthesocietyisdividedinto"highcontextsociety"and"lowcontextsociety".TheUnitedStatesisatypicallowcontextcountry.

Inthisculture,mostoftheinformationisusedbyclearandspecificlanguageortexttranission.Therefore,theUSnegotiatorsuseadirectwaytomunicateinordertomakethingsclear,frankandrarelyambiguity,waffles,theyalsowillingtoargue.However,itoftenmakestheChinesenegotiatoreeltheUnitedStatesaggressive,becauseourcountrybelongstothehighcontextculturecountries,moreindirectandmildandindirecttactfultoexpreseelings.Whenweinthebusinessnegotiationweoftenadherencetothe"harmonybringswealth"principle,nottoargueinunnecessarytime,especiallyintheexpressionofdissentorrefused,beanxioustokeepupappearances,Donotalwaysstraightforwardsay"no".

1.2Differentmanagementmodel

Ifwewanttocontactwiththosemerchantromdifferentcountriesandtobesuccesul,understandingtheirmanagementmodeisveryimportant.Inthewest,amanagerofthepanywillnotbeasa"hero",theirexcellentworkefficiencyastheevaluationstandardandthinkitisthemostimportant,backgroundenvironmentissecondary.Americansbelievethat,withtheirrichresources,theycanbesuccesulinanyjobthentoachievetheirpurpose.Theyresentthegovernmentorexternalforcesinterferenceintheirownthings,andatthesametime,theAmericanpeopleheverystrongprofessionalethicsandprofessionalnorm.Theycanbefriendlyandoptionalfree.However,buttheydon'twanttotalktoomuchwithothersinpublicplaces.

TotheChinese,arguesthat"norulesnoFangYuan".Everyone,everythingintheir(its)dueposition,headvocatehesecond,hecausalconnectionevensomeofkeepontherails.Bythieansthroughcontinuouseffortstheycanachievemaximumefficiency,thusgetasenseofachievement.TheChinesepeoplehasalotofstressthemselvesandbindinginthework,anddonotneedtoomuchstimulationfromtheirboss.

Americansthinkingaboutpetitioneverywhereandattackotherpeoplewhoobstaclestheirsuccesuleverytime.AndtheChinesedidnothethestrongconsciousnesslikethem,butmoredown-to-earth

1.3Disparatestyleduringthenegotiations

Negotiationstyleisthebearingandtheattitudewhatnegotiatorperformanceintalksintheactivitiesthatmainlyreflectedinthenegotiator'snegotiationbehiorandcontrolonthemethodsinprocessofnegotiations."Timeioney"istheAmericancreed.They'retalkingaboutbusinessestraighttothepoint,withoutchinchin,alwaysImpatientforSuccess.Moreover,Americanbusinesanextremelypayattentiontoeconomicbenefitoftenspeak"BusinessisBusiness",stressedthatseparatepeopleandthings,spendlittletimeontheopponentandtalksomethingoutsideofwork.Incontrast,inthevalueofinterpersonalrelationshipintheChineseculture,weoftenspendalotoftimeandmoneytoestablishgoodrelations,andthentalkaboutbusiness.

1.4Somethingdifferenceinnonverbalmunication

Communicationingeneralisaprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesthatenableshumanstoshareknowledge,attitudes,andskills.Althoughweusuallyidentifymunicationwithspeech,municationisposedoftwodimensions—verbalandnonverbal.Nonverbalmunicationhugelyimportantinanyinteractionwithothers,itsimportanceiultipliedacrosscultures.Thisisbecausewetendtolookfornonverbalcueswhenverbalmessageareunclearorambiguous,astheyaremorelikelytobeacrosscultures,especiallywhendifferentlanguagearebeingused.

Soyouneedtofindhownonverbalmunicationhasbeendefined.Wemoveourbody,makeafacialexpression,andusetoneofvoicetoindicatewhatisonourmind.Wealsouselessobviouessagessuchasdress,postureandspatialdistancebetweentwoormorepeople.Activityorinactivity,wordsorsilenceallhemessagevalue.Sometimes,inaparticularsituation,nonverbalexpressionmightbetheappropriatewaytociteourrealthought.Ininterculturalmunication,nonverbalmunicationisoneofthebarriersthatshouldbedealtwith.

1.5Americansthinkagreatdealabouttime

Assurelyaseachculturehasitsspokenlanguage,eachalsohasitsownlanguageoftime.TofunctioneffectivelyinFrance,Germany,andtheUnitedStates,itisessentialtoacquaintyourselfwiththelocallanguageoftime,otherwiseyouwillfailtoreadthehiddenmessageintheforeigntimesystemandtherebydenyyourselfvitalculturalfeedback.Thetwomostimportantsystemsarecalledmonochromicandpolychromictime.Monochromictimemeanspayingattentiontoonethingatatimewhilepolychromictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.TheconceptoftimedifferencebetweenChinaandtheAmericanconceptoftimeisdifferent.Americansthinkagreatdealabouttime.Theyconstantlyrefertotimeandthevalueofkeepingbusy.

1.6Differentculturaletiquetteconcept

Firstly,thereisdissimilarityinmeetingeachother.TheChinesepeopleusuallyintroducemoreintimatealltalks,suchas"Heyoueaten","whereareyougoing",or"whatareyoudoing"WhilesuchgreetingmaybeconsideredtobeintrusiveorembarrassedfortheAmericanssincetheymaymisunderstanditasakindof"interrogation"abouttheirprivatelives.InAmerica,peoplemeeteachotheronlywithasimple"hello",ormorespecifically,theywillsay"Goodmorning!","Goodafternoon!",or"Goodevening!"ButforsomecountrieslikeUK,peopleprefertotalkaboutweather,andtheyusuallybeginwith"Itisanicedaytoday."

Inaddition,thereareseveraloffarewellwordsintheChineseandtheforeignlanguages.Forexample,whenleingapatient,weChinesepeopleusuallysay"Drinkmuchwater.","Putonmoreclothes."or"Hearest".WhiletheAmericanswillneversaylikethat.Becauseitiaybeconsideredas"impolitebehior".Instead,theywillchoosewordslike"Takecare."or"Getwellsoon."

1.7Educationideaisdifferent

Americanelementaryeducationfocuseuchondevelopingstudents'innovationandpracticalability,whichwehelaggedfarbehind.BoththeChineseparentsandschoolsaretrappedintoexam-orientedcatalyst,neglectingdevelopmentofstudents'subjectiveinitiative,especiallytheirinterestinself-studyandpractice.Theexam-orientedphenomenontopsamongothers.

TakeInternationalOlympiadofMath,ScienceandChemistryforinstance,ourcountryattacheoreimportancethananyothercountries.Whenacandidateofaprovincewonthegoldenmedal,theleadersofhisorherschoolandeducationdepartmentandteachersanizedagrandweleceremony.Thewholeceremonywasshotandplayedduringtheprimetimeatprovincialtelevision,boastingitinabigway.Whilebyparison,somejuniorschoolsinAmericadonottakeitmuch,andtheyevenarrangenoformaltrainingatall.Becauseintheiropinion,itisnomorethanadailyexamoratestonstudents'certainabilitiesandmostofthecandidatesareoutofinterestinsomesubjects.

AmericancitizensofChineseoriginYangZhenningsaid,"SchoolsinChinaemphasizetoomuchonknowledgeinbooksandexamination,butobviouslyverylittleoninnovation"Prof.YangZhenningpointedoutthat,"TheChineseoverseasstudentsUsuallyhehighermarksthanAmericanstudents,whereaslessscientificachievements10yearslater.ThereasonisthattheAmericanstudentsareactiveinmindandpetitiveinpracticeandinnovation."Prof.YangalsoconcludedamoncharacterinChinesestudentsthroughhisownChinesepostgraduates,thatis,theyareproficientinexam,butdonotknowwhattodoinlab.

PartIIThereasonthatcausetheculturaldifferences(ExpoundReason)

Culturereferstoasocietyisauniquebelief,habits,system,disposition,thinkingmodeetc,thetotalmodelofanationisasocialwayallactivities.Astheglobaleconomyintegrationandthesocialinformationdevelopment,municationioreandmorefrequentbetweencountries,hometothesurvivalofhumansarebeingmoreandmorelikea"globalvillage",butcountriesculturaldifferencesstillexist.

Chinaisacountrywith5,000yearsofculturalandhistoricalprecipitationgreatnation,andAmericaisamulti-nationalcountry,only200yearsofhistory.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesisgreat,itisthehistoricalgeographyconditionandtraditionalideascausedbymanyfactorssuchastheeffect.

Space-timeofthedifferenceineasternandwesternculture,China-thedifferentideas,andthentheconflictonperformanceforthebehior.Differencefromontimefor,mainlyforcountriesthecontradictionbetweentraditionalandmodern,Fromthespaceforcountriesintheregion,history,politics,economyandotherreasonscausedthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwestern,expressionistraditionalspiritualbackground,culturalbackground,philosophicalbackground,etc.Middleandwesttwocivilizationsexistculturaldifferencesbetweenisunderstandable,isinevitable,wanttoeliminatetheculturegap,itisnecessarytoenhancemutualunderstanding,eachotheronlysothatitwaspossibletoeliminatemisunderstanding,aspremierZhousaidwedemandwithdifferencesbelieve"whatevertheculturalgap,aslongautualexchangescanachieveunderstanding."

2.1Thediversityofthinkingmode

Cultureaffectspeopleviewandcognitiveontheoutsidethings,differentcountrieshedifferentculture,sothinkingmodelexistsdifference,thispointperformanceparticularlyobviousbetweenEastandWest.Thethinkingmodeofwesternculturepaysattentiontologicandanalysis,andthethinkingmodeofOrientalculture,showtheintuitionintegrity,Duetotheinfluenceofthetraditionalculture,theChinesetendtopayspecialattentiontointuition,intheprocessofunderstandingexperienceandfeeling,Intheirinteractionstheyalso"judgeothersbyoneself"withthisexperienceandfeeling.Comparewithwesternthinkingmode,Chinesethinkingmodehasobviousambiguousandfuzziness.Astimepassesitcanformakindofstereotype,Canbeinterpretedasaprocesstoidentifyandsimplifytheexternalthingsofclassificationandperception.Essentially,thinkingstereotypeoftenignorethedifferenceofindividualthings,exaggeratedcognitiveattitudethatrelatedtoanothersocialgroup,theyoftenwithemotionalcolor,andacpaniedbyfixedcreed.Inthisset,someiscorrect,andsomeiswrong,thesewillinfluencethecross-culturalmunicationdirectlyandcausemunicationerror.

2.2Behioralnormsarenotidentical

Codeofconductofthespecificmeaningisreferstobythesocietyacceptmonmoralstandardandcodeofconduct,simplysaid,istotellpeoplewhattodowhatnottodo.Thepeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgroundsinmunicationoftendeterminetherationalityofthebehiorofeachotherformtheirownsocialcodeofconduct,becausethetwosidescodesofconductdifferent,oftenbreedmisunderstand,unhappyevenmorebadresults.Therefore,animportantfactortoensurethecross-culturalmunicationoothistothecorrectrecognitionandusethecodeofconduct.Toensurethemunicationcarriedout,itisnecessarytounderstandeachother'scodeofconduct,especiallywhatbehioriorbidden,hadbetterfollowtheprincipleof"doastheRomansdo".


2.3differentvalueorientation

People'unicationabilityisengenderingintheprocessofsocialization,ourvalueustbelinktogether.Everyculturehasitsownuniquevaluesystem,thissystemcanhelppeopletodistinguishbetweenbeautyandugliness,goodandevil,anditispeople'sphilosophy,moralstandardandcodeofconduct.Butitcannotbeseparatedfromthespecificcultureandexist,eachkindofculturaljudgmentstandardisdifferent,thiskindofculturethinkisgood,anotherkindofculturemaythinkthatisbad,buttheyareintheirownculturalsysteminsidehasitsrationalityoftheexistence.Weabsolutecan'tunderstandthatonevaluestandardisadvancedandanotheroneisbackward.

2.4Pragmatictraneraffect

thethingsandthephenomenonofthebehioroftheevaluationandinterpretationpeopleencounteredisbuiltonthebasisofcultureitself,alsointheinterculturalmunication,sooftencauseunicationbarriers,itsrootliesinignoringthePragmatictraner.culturesDifferentlanguageruleswillbedifferent,Akindofculturalstandardspecificitycanononlyexplaininitselfaccordingtothespecificconditions,butwecan'tbasedonthiodeltodescribeanotherkindofculture,orwillgiverisetothefailureoftheinterculturalmunication,thedeepreasonisthatpeoplelackofsociallanguagedifferencessensitivity,willunconsciouslymakepragmatictraner,andtheconsequencescanbeveryserious,andsometimesevenwouldincurgreateconomiclosses.

PartIIIAdviceforcross-culturalnegotiationskills

Thepremisetoimprovethecross-culturalnegotiationskillsistoimprovinginterculturalmunication.

Thoughitisunoidabletomakepragmaticfailureduringcross-culturalmunication,weshouldconsiderhowtoimprovetheabilityofcross-culturalmunicationsincewearesecond-languagelearners.Butbeforewesubmitspecifictechniqueorimprovingourcross-culturalskills,weneedtoofferafewqualificationsrelatedtotheissueofhowtobeeamorepetentmunicator.First,weshouldlearnaboutsomemajorbarrierstothecross-culturalmunication,suchasoidanceoftheunfamiliarity,thedesiretoreduceuncertainty,diversityinmunicationpurposes,stereotypingandprejudice,misusingofpower,cultureshock,andethnocentri,etc.Secondly,becausemunicationisanactivitythathasaconsequence,wemustcontinuallyaskourselvesifwearebehinginawaythatharmsourmunicationpartner.

Themostimportantwayofhowtoimprovetheabilityofthecross-culturalmunicationiollowingsomebasicadvicesuchasknowingyourselves,consideringthephysicalandhumansetting,seekingasharedcode,developingempathy,encouragingfeedback,andlearningaboutculturaladaptation,etc.Allthesecanhelpimprovecross-culturalmunication.Ithasbeenecessarytoustoimprovetheabilityofcross-culturalmunication.Inmyopinion,itisalsoahardjobforustoimproveourabilityofcross-culturalmunication.

3.1Presentationskillsintheworkplacewhatyoushouldknow

Theinternationalflorofmanypeople'sjobsnaturallymeansthatthereisgreaterinteractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultural.withinthebusinessenvironment,understandingandcopingwithinterculturaldifferencesbetweenpeopleiscriticaltoensuringthatinterpersonalmunicationissuccesul.

Oneareawithinthebusinessenvironmentinwhichinterculturalawarenessisanecessityisinthebusinesspresentation.Directors,managers,salespeople,consultantsandbusinesspersonnelareregularlyrequiredtodeliverpresentations.However,whenoneisaskedtogiveapresentationtoanaudienceprisedofdifferentcultures,thereareinterculturalfactorsthatcanhinderitssuccess.

Asuccesulpresentationinaninterculturalenvironmentreliesonsuccesulapplicationofinterculturalpetence.Soyoushouldlearntomakeanimpressiveandeffectivepresentationinaninterculturalworkplace.

3.2Roughlyunderstandmorecountriesculture

Ourlifeandworkenvironmentmoreandmoreinternational.Evenifweuseforeignlanguage,butmunicatewithnativespeaker,alsohardtooidariseculturalmisunderstanding.Cross-culturalmunicationiilledwithobstaclesanddifficulties.

3.3Weneedtobuildtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

Cultureandlanguageareintertwinedandeachother.Itisimpossibletoseparatethetwo.Languageisnotasetofneutralcodesandgrammaticalrules.Eachtimeweselectwords,fromsentences,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturechoices.Weallagreethatlanguagehelpsinmunicationwithpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds.However,wemaybelessawarethatcultureliteracyisnecessaryinordertounderstandthelanguagebeingused.Ifweselectlanguagewithoutbeingawareoftheculturalimplications,wemayatbestnotmunicatewellandworstsendthewrongmessage.

3.4Payattentiontothecultivationofnon-verbalmunicationability

Bodylanguagehasitsrolethatspokenlanguagecan'treplaceininterpersonalmunication.Psychologystudyfound:municationprocessbetweentwopeoplefacetoface,morethanfiftypercentoftheexchangeofinformationisthroughthebodylanguagetoachieve.Bodylanguageisaninternational,peoplefromdifferentcountrieshethelanguagebarriersointhecaseswiththeaidofbodylanguagetomunicate.AccordingToResearchFindings,peoplewithaneragedailyspeechaccountforonlytenpercentofthetimeofinterpersonalmunication,andthepeopleofthetimeintentionallyorunintentionallyinabodylanguagemunication.Insomecases,bodylanguageisenoughtoexpressalltheinformation,Butlanguageisredundant,aslongaspeoplecanunderstandeachother,inrangeofthatothersidecanfeelit,bodylanguageisoneofthewayduringthemunicate.Theso-calledbodylanguage,isreferstothoseincludingspacedistance,eyes,bodycontact,posturemovement,facialexpressions,nonverbalbodysignal.Duetothedifferentnationalculturehasentrenched,itisnoteasytoacceptsignalwhichoppositetotheirownhabitsandviewssowecan'tignoretheinfluenceofculturalbindingonkinesicsandenvironmentaldifferencesgivekinesicsdifferentmeaning.

PartIVConclusions

Sohowtoimprovetheabilityofcross-culturalmunicationandconclusion.Asweknow,cross-culturalmunicationmeanunicationamongthepeoplewhohedifferentculturalbackgrounds,anditstandortheimprovementonthequalityofnegotiationpragmati.Ithinktheimprovementontheskillsofnegotiationistheemergencytothedevelopmentofcountry.Fromtheaboveexampleswecanconcludethatthereasonoritaremainlythedifferentculturalbackgrounds.Inacross-culturalmunication,onecantolerateaspeakingmistakebutnotabusinessnegotiationfailure.Soweshouldlearnabouttheother'sculturalbackgrounds,improvetheabilityofcross-culturalmunication,andthenbeeamoreeffectivemunicator.

Bibliography

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[2]Powell,WelterW.."TheHealth-ScienceInformationStruggle:ThePrivateInformationIndustryversusTheNationalLibraryofMedicine."NewEnglandJournalofMedicine307(15July1982),201-223.

[3]Shatzkin,Leonard.InColdType:OveringtheBookCrisis.Boston:HoughtonMifflin,1982.

[4]Starr,Paul."TheElectronicReader."InReadinginthe1980s.Ed.StephenBraubard.NewYork:Bowker,1983.

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[5]桂诗春,宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.

[6]廖七一"庞德与胡适诗歌翻译的文化思考,"《外国语》2003(6),第54-59页.

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