网站原创【摘 要】塞缪尔约翰逊主编的《莎士比亚集》,有校勘、注释和评论.约翰逊认为戏剧基于想象,各幕之间在空间和时间上的变异是应该允许的.他认为三一律之中,只有行动的一致性是重要的,空间的一致性和时间的一致性是虚妄的.莎士比亚不受这一规则的束缚,正是伟大之处.本文对莎士比亚的道德缺失,粗俗语言和情节安排混乱进行讨论.
【关 键 词】塞缪尔约翰逊；《莎士比亚全集》；个人经历；社会；宗教
1.IntroductiontoSamuelJohnsonandPrefacetoShakespeare
SamuelJohnsonwasanEnglishauthorwhomadelastingcontributionstoEnglishliteratureasaessayist,poet,moralist,biographer,literarycritic,editorandlexicographer.JohnsonwasadevoutAnglicanandmittedTory,andhasbeendescribedas"themostdistinguishedmanoflettersinEnglishhistory"andthesubjectof"themostfamoussingleworkofbiographicalartinthewholeofliterature".
Johnson'sPrefacetoShakespeareexpresseshisgroundingofcriticaljudgmentonmoralityandhisideathatpoetsshouldconcernthemselveswithrepresentinggeneralnaturethanparticularexperience.Thelong-sustainedexperienceofmankindisJohnson'stestforolderwritersandShakespeareispreeminentbecauseheisthepoetof"generalnature."Shakespeare'sappealrestsonhisabilitytoportrayhumannature,notkingsorRomans.ThisisShakespeare's"mirroroflife"thathasstoodthetestoftimeandthatnarrowercriticshemisunderstood.
Aboveall,JohnsonpointsoutShakespeare'sthreeshortingsinPrefacetoShakespeare--thatis--Shakespeare'slackofmorality,hisvulgarityandhiscarelessnessincraftingplotsandhisoccasionalinattentivenesswhenchoosingwordsorwordorder.ThosewhoareaccustomedtothebeliefthatShakespearecoulddonowrongmaybesurprisedbyJohnson'sstrictlyjudicialappraisalofthebard'aultsandvalues.Inmyfinalthesis,IhecollectedmanymaterialstopleadforShakespeare.IwillanalyzehisshortingromShakespeare'spersonalexperienceandthesocietyinhistimes.
2.ExplanationorShakespeare'sShortings
2.1Shakespeare'sPersonalExperience
ShakespearewasborninStratford-upon-Avonandbaptizedthereon26April1564.Althoughnoattendancerecordortheperiodsurvive,mostbiographersagreethatShakespearewasprobablyeducatedattheKing'sNewSchoolinStratford.GrammarschoolsvariedinqualityduringtheElizabethanera,butthegrammarcurriculumwasstandardizedbyroyaldecreethroughoutEngland,andtheschoolwouldheprovidedanintensiveeducationinLatingrammarbaseduponLatinclassicalauthors.Attheageof13,Shakespearedroppedouthisschooltohelphisparentstoremaininbusinessafterhiatherhadgonebankrupt.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccesulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingpanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.Shakespeare'searlyplaysweremainlyediesandhistoriesincludingAll'sWellThatEndsWell,AsYouLikeIt,MeasureforMeasure,AMidsummerNight'sDreamandsoon.InPrefacetoShakespeare,JohnsonmentionsthattheplotsinShakespeare'splaysareoftenlooselyformed,thateryslightconsiderationmayimprovethemandsocarelesslypursuedthatheseemsnotalwayullytoprehendhisowndesign.Inaddition,JohnsonsaysthatwhenShakespearefoundhimselfneartheendofhiswork,heshortenedthelabortosnatchtheprofit.Thereforeheremitshiseffortswhereheshouldmostvigorouslyexertthemandhiscatastropheisimprobablyproducedorimperfectlyrepresented.
AfterafullystudyaboutShakespeare'searlylife,wecanunderstandhiscarelessnessandvulgarityincraftingtheplots.Helivedinsuchabigfamilyandhewasresponsibleforsupportinghiamily.Shakespearewasinterestedinplays,sohebegantoearnmoneybyplayingaroleonstages.Laterhehadanideathathecanearnmoneybywritingplaysalso.Inmyopinion,mostofShakespeare'searlywritingscanonlyrepresentamonyounger'sinterestinwritingplaysaswellasatoolforfood.MoneyweresignificantlyvitalforyoungShakespeare,sohedidn'theenoughtimetorevisethewritingsagainandagain.Therefore,somelooseplotsinhisearlyedieaybeneglectedbyhimself.What'ore,occasionallooseplotsdon'theaconsiderablybadeffectonhisedies.
2.2SocialStatusinShakespeare'sTimes
There'rethreestagesinShakespeare'screationofplays.TheanalysisofShakespeare'swritingstagescanhelpustounderstandthechangesofShakespeare'scharacters.InPrefacetoShakespeare,Johnsonmentionsthat"Thecensurewhichhehasincurredbymixingicandtragicscenes,asitextendstoallhisworks,deserveoreconsideration."IthinkthatafterstatingtheclearpartitionofShakespeare'swritingperiod,IcantrytodefendJohnson'sstatement.
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Itirom1590to1600thatElizabeth'srulereacheditsprime.Atthattime,allovertheUKwereprosperousandflourishingwhichhadaninfluenceonShakespeare'stoneofcreation.WecanconcludeShakespeare'swritingcharacteristicsaollows.Firstly,withtheattitudeofthereality,Shakespeare'splayocusonpraisinghumanisticnewideas,andnewethics,whichisparticularlyoutstandinginhisedies.Secondly,hehasshapedaseriesofidealcharacters,suchasHenryV--inhistoricalplaysagloriouonarchwhogovernshisempireorderly,andPortiaandViola,alargegroupofnewfemaleedyimages.Throughmoldingtheseimages,theauthorexpressesthatheadvocatestheunityofhiscountryandhealsopresentshireedominindividuallife.Thirdly,fortheconflictsinplays,heuseisunderstandingsandcoincidencetoweetheplot,andpresentthecharacters.Inthelastparagraphs,IhedividedShakespeare'screationperiodintothreeparts,statedhiswritingfeaturesandanalyzedthereasonorthechangesofhiswritingfromdifferentaspectainlyfromthesocietyathistimes,hishumaniandsoon.Aftertheanalysisofhisthreewritingperiods,Ihedividedhisworksofdifferenttimesintoedy,tragedy,historicplaysorlegendplays.
2.3MoralityinShakespeare'sWorks
InPrefacetoShakespeare,JohnsonmentionsthatShakespeare'irstdefectisthattowhichmaybeimputedmostoftheevilinbooksorinmen.Franklyspeaking,inmostplaystheauthorneedstomoulddifferentkindsoffiguresincludingthedecentandthevillain.Sometimesthevillainishelpfultoserveasafoil.NowIwillpresentthemoralityinShakespeare'splaysandtracetheoriginbacktotheBible.
Shakespeare'stragediesareconsideredtobetheChristiantragedies.BythemostbeautifulformsShakespeareshowshisChristianideastousandsomeofitostrepresentativecharacteristicsareconnectedwithChristianreligioussentimentandChristianunderstanding.ManymainideasinShakespeare'splaysaresimilartotheBible.FirstlybeliefconsciousnessstandsoutinMacbeth.Secondly,benevolenceplaysasignificantlyimportantroleinShakespeare'splays.Shakespearetendstobinekindness,passion,fiveness,peaceandlovetogethertoserveasthetrueportraitureofhumannature.Inhisplaysthenobleheroessharetheholyspiritandloftyemotion.Thirdly,confessionespeciallytheconsciousnessofconfessionfromthecharacters'deepheartinShakespeare'sisanotherembodimentofmoralitywhichalsobelongstothebasicideasofChristian.
3.Conclusion
Aftertheaboveanalysis,IcanconcludethatShakespeare'sgreatcontributiontotheliterature,tosomeextend,hascoveredhislittlemistakes.Icanunderstandhisshortingromhisownpersonalexperience,hissocialstatusandhisreligion.ThereisnotfixedframeandschoolinShakespeare'ind.Hetendstobinemanykindsoftechniquesincreating.Shakespeare'splaysseemtobearichmineraldeposit.Ifwearejustlookingforanelement,itisawasteoftime.
Itisobviousthateverymanhashiaultwhichissameasanauthor'swritings.DifferentreadershedifferentideasaboutShakespeare'splays,nomatterbadorgood.ThereareathousandHamletsinathousandpersons'eyes.SotoappreciateHamletistoenjoyShakespeare.
【参考文献】
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