【Abstract】Inmodernsocietyblogginghasbeenastormofonlinerevolutionwhichhasattractedmostpeople’seyes.Thestudyonweblogsinwestmainlyfocusesoncontent,identity,municationandotherperspectives.Andmanystudiesoncontent,identity,municationetc.arefromtheangleoflinguistics.However,blogsarestillnotahottopicintheChinaalthoughsomescholarsstudythemfromtheperspectivesofhistoricalandphilosophicalproblems,functions,applicationandtheoriesofweblogs.Therefore,moreperspectivesaboutblogsshouldbefurtherstudiedinChinasuchastheperspectiveoflinguistics.
【Keywords】blogsliteraturereviewlinguistics
1.Introduction
Inmodernsocietyblogginghasbeenastormofonlinerevolutionwhichhasattractedmostpeople’seyes.Overthefewyearsoftheirexistence,blogsheevolvedintopublicdiariesofasort,maintainedbymillionsofindividualsworldwide.
Thepersonallivesofmillionsarenowaccessibletoallthroughanunmediatedchannel.Sofar,almostalltheworkinthiieldhasbeendonebyforeignscholars,butwhenitestoChineseweblog,mostofthestudieshebeencarriedoutfromperspectivesofsociology,economics,municationandlaw,yetlittleefforthasbeenmadefromlinguisticpointofview.
2.StudiesonBlog
2.1Studiesinwest
Blogculturehasbeenpresentedbythemediaandbybloggersthemselveorthemosttime(Dibbell69-77).However,moreandmorescholarshestartedtoanalyzethemakeupoftheblogosphere(thecollectivetermenpassingallblogs)recently.Thissectionbrieflyreviewstheacademicliteraturerelatingtothefourperspectivesofinquiryinthissurvey:content,identity,munication,andotherpersistences.
2.1.1FromthePerspectiveofContent
Manyscholarsstudiesonthecontentofweblogs.Herring,Scheidt,BonusandWrightanalyze203randomly-selectedweblogsandparetheempiricallyobservablefeaturesofthecorpuswithpopularclaimsaboutthenatureofweblogs,findingthemtodifferinanumberofrespects.Theyarguesthatblogauthors,journalistsandscholarsalikeexaggeratetheextenttowhichblogsareinterlinked,interactive,andorientedtowardsexternalevents,andunderestimatetheimportanceofblogsasindividualistic,intimateformsofself-expression(Herringetal.1).
ScottNowsondescribesalinguisticinvestigationofindividualdifferencesinblogs.Heemploysanumberofanalytictechniques,bothtop-downandbottom-uptothecorpusconsistsofover400,000wordsandfive-factorpersonalitydata.Andheconcludesthatbothgenderandpersonalityareprojectedbylanguageinblogs;furthermore,approacheswhichtakethecontextoflanguagefeaturesintoaccountcanbeusedtodetectmorevariationthanthosewhichdonot(3).GiladAvrahamMishnegroupstheinformationinweblogsintotwokinds:thefirstispeople-centricinformation,anindividual’sinterests,preferences,andsurroundings;thesecondtypeinformationisnon-factualcontentsuchasemotions,opinionsandmoods.Othersentiment-relatedcollectionswhichhebeenstudiedextensivelyareusuallydomain-specific,mercially-oriented(239).
2.1.2FromthePerspectiveofIdentity
DidA.andHuffakerSandraL.Calvertexamineissuesofonlineidentityandlanguageuseamongmaleandfemaleteenagerswhocreatedandmaintainedblogs,personaljournalakepubliclyaccessibleontheWorldWideWeb.Theyfindthatmalesusemoreemoticonsthanfemalesandemployanactiveandresolutestyleoflanguageparedwithfemales.Theresultsindicatethatteenagersstayclosertorealityintheironlineexpressionsofselfthanhaspreviouslybeensuggested.
HuaQianandCraigR.Scottexaminefromthenewpointofview,therelationshipbetweenanonymityandself-disclosureonweblogsthroughanonlinesurveyandfindthatdiscursive,butnotvisual,anonymityisrelatedtotheamountofself-disclosure,especiallyforblogsintendedforcertainaudiences.Theyclaimthatthetargetaudienceplaysanimportantroleindeterminingnotonlyhowanonymousabloggerfeelsbutalsohowmuchpersonalidentificationinformationhe/shewillprovide.
Duringthesameyear2007,SarahPedersenandCarolineMacafeestudyasampleof48femaleandmaleBritishbloggerswhoansweredquestionnairesabouttheirbloggingpracticesandattitudes.Theyfindthatforbothsexes,bloggingiainlyaleisureactivity,andmenandwomenfindthesamerangeofsatiactionsinblogging.However,morewomenusebloggingasanoutletforcreativework.
AndShlomoArgamonetal.explorehowageandgenderaffectwritingstyleandtopicbymakingananalysisofmorethan140wordsofEnglishtextdrawnfromtheblogosphere.Theresultssuggestthatanumberofstylisticsandcontentaresignificantlyaffectedbybothageandgenderandthemaindifferencebetweenolderandyoungerbloggers,andbetweenmaleandfemalebloggers,lieintheextenttowhichtheirdiscourseisouterorinnerdirected.
2.1.3FromthePerspectiveofCommunication
ElmineWijniainvestigateswhatformofmunicationiadepossiblethroughtheweblogbasedonthemunicationtheoryofHambermasandthemunicationcapacitiesofVanDijk.Heclaimsthatweblogsofferaplatformfortheidealspeechsituationwithhighaccessibilityofthemunication,theequalpowerdistributionandthefactactingtruthfully.JamesTorioinhisthesisBlog-aglobalconversationarguesthatblogginghasenabledpeoplewithlimitedknowledgeoftheIntertopublishtheirthoughtsonlineandparticipateinaglobalconversationandblogospherehashyper-acceleratedspreadofinformation(4).Andthestudyalsoexamineshowblogsheimpactedbusinessandmunication.
Herringetal.implybottom-upstudyintheirstudyConversationintheBlogosphereandempiricallyinvestigatethepopularblogs.Theyfindthatpopularblogsareoverpresentedandcentralinthework,althoughothergroupingsofblogsaremoredenselyinterconnected.Whatiore,theresultssuggestthattheblogosphereispartiallyinterconnectedandsporadicallyconversational(1).
Althoughbloggingisaneasywayforpeopletogetanythingtheywantontheweb,therearemanyproblemsduringtheprocessofinformationspreading.KonstantinTchernovstudiesontheprivacyissueswithblogging.Heclaimsthattheboundaryofseparationbetweenthebloggers’publicandprivatelivescouldbebrokenwhentheyrevealtheirprivateinformationandthoughtstotheworld.Andthiayincurawidevarietyofproblemssuchassocialdisasters,employmentissues,legalliabilitiesandsoon.Heofferssomepossiblesolutionsthathebeenattemptedhelpmaintaintheirdesiredbalanceofdisclosure(1).
2.1.4FromOtherPerspectives
DanLi,B.A.exploresthepatternsofblogging,bloggingmotivations,andtherolesofmotivationsaswellasdemographicsaspredictororbloggingbehiors.Thisstudyexaminessixaspectsofbloggingbehiorsandsevenmotivationorblogging.Andtheresultindthatcertainmotivationsarerelatedwithspecificusageofblogs.Forexample,self-documentationisapredictoroffeedbackmanagement,self-presentationandreadershipexpectation.
XierLlor`etal.arguethatputerscaneasilyassisttheprocessingfilteringthevisualizingrelevantelementsoftheblogosphere,butcouplingthemwithhumanevaluationandreasoningcanprovidethefinalstepstoconnectpiecesofrelevantinformationintobetterdescriptionmapofthecurrenttrendsoftheblogosphere.Andtheypresentsomehuman-centeredvisualizationandanalysistoolswcanhelpuserstopareandreasonsynergiesandmisalignmentsrevolvingaroundaparticulartopic(1).
JanSchmidtproposesageneralmodeltoanalyzeandparedifferentusesofbloggormatbasedontheidearomsociologicalstructurationtheory.Theresultssuggestthatindividualusageepisodesareframedbythreestructuraldimensionsofrules,relationsandcode.Andthemunitiesofbloggingpracticesaredefinedasgroupsofpeoplewhosharecertainroutinesandexpectationsabouttheuseofblogsastoolforinformation,identityandrelationshipmanagement.TomKelleherandBarbaraM.Millertestoperationaldefinitionsofrelationalmaintenancestrategiesappropriatetoonlinepublicrelations.Theyfindthatblogsareperceivedaoreconversationalthananizationalwebsitesandthisconversationalhumanvoicecorrelatedpositivelywithotherpreviously-identifiedrelationshipindicators.
2.2StudiesinChina
Moreandmorescholarsareattractedbyblogswiththeirrapiddevelopment.Theystudyblogromdifferentperspectivesandapplydifferentmethodologies.
First,scholarsstudyblogsthemselvesincludingtheirhistoricalandphilosophicalproblems,functionsandservices,application,clarification,language,etc.YanHaostudiesthepresentdevelopmentofblogsandtellsthereadershowtomakethewebsitesofblogsbythemselves(14-22).HuZhongqingstatesthehistoryofblogoradvertisementsaswellastheirdevelopingtrendsinChina(76-78).AndHeMeipointsouttheproblemsexistinginblogsandmethodsinadministeringtheblogs(21-23).ZhouYancarriesoutaresearchintogender-languagerelationshipintheChineseweblogcontextfromtheangleofwordfrequencyandfindsthatmenandwomenaredifferentinpointofviewandstyle(53-54).
Second,somescholarsstudyblogromaperspectiveofapplication,includingtheiremploymentinthefieldofeducation,business,libraryetc.ZhangShihaoandXiaoMinclaimethatblogarketingtakemanyadvantagesoverthetraditionalwaysandstatethestrategiesinblogarketing(63-64).XinYuanyuanstudiestheblogsinfluenceontheeducationinelementaryschoolandfindsthatblogsaregoodforthemunicationbetweenstudentsandteachersandimprovementofteachersworks(49-51).
Third,somescholarsstudyblogs’influenceonsocietyincludingtraditionalmedia,munication,socialbehiorandsociallives.DingMotakessina.ascasetostudyblogunicationinChina.Heproposesthatblogspresentthesimilarsegmentationstructureaasunicationinregardofthediscourserights(53-57).FangXingdongandLiuShuangguietc.pointoutproblemsaboutpetitionandsymbiosisbetweenblogsandtraditionalmediaaswellassuggestions(81-86).
Fourth,otherscholarocusonthetheoriesonblogsandtrytoexplaintheirinternalstructures,mechanis,etc.FangXingdongandZhangXiaorongparethefeaturesofblogswiththoseofmasediaandthenclaimthatthecoreofthebloggingprocessistoestablishthebloggers’identities(68-73).LiuYongandLiAibinclaimthatblogshetheirsocialandculturalbackgroundwhichiertilesoilfortheappearinganddevelopmentofblogging――debrisofthesocialcontext,thegrassrootsofculturalstructureandtherapiddevelopmentofculturallifeoftheworkaswellastheneedforinterpersonalmunicationfromthepsychologicalpointsofview――thedesireforpublicanddeepmunicationandthetrendfromsharingtheinnermindstopubliclysharing.Andtheyarguethatwiththefurtherdevelopmentofblogging,anewweoftheinformationagewilleintobeing,whichwillheenormousandprofoundimpactonpeople’ssocialandculturallife(137-142).2.3Conclusion
Tosummarize,thestudyonweblogsinwestmainlyfocusoncontent,identity,municationandotherperspectives.Andmanystudiesoncontent,identity,municationetc.arefromtheangleoflinguistics.However,blogsarestillnotahottopicintheChinaalthoughsomescholarsstudythemfromtheperspectivesofhistoricalandphilosophicalproblems,functions,applicationandtheoriesofweblogs.Whatiore,thereareveryfewstudiesinChinawhichfocusonthelinguisticperspective.Therefore,moreperspectivesaboutblogsshouldbefurtherstudiedinChinasuchastheperspectiveoflinguistics.
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