小学科学教学中的探究

小学科学教学是以培养小学生科学素养为宗旨,积极倡导让学生亲身经历以探究为主的学习活动,培养他们的好奇心和探究欲,发展他们对科学本质的理解,为他们终身的学习和生活打好基础.那么,如何激起学生科学探索的动力,培养他们的科学探究精神呢,我在教学是这样做的.

一、创设情境,激发好奇心

苏霍姆林斯基说进：“在人的心灵深处,都有一种根深蒂固的需要,这就是希望感到自己是一个发现者、研究者、探索者,而在儿童的精神世界里这种需要特别强烈.”好奇是小学生最明显的心理特点.小学生对自然界总是带着好奇心,充满了神秘感,他们憧憬未来,渴求知识,希望从中窥见自然界的奥妙,而小学科学课最基本的特点是从儿童身边的自然事物开始的学习活动.因此,在科学课堂教学中,教师努力挖掘教材中能引起学生高度关注和感兴趣的一些因素,让孩子们“心动”起来,激发他们学习、探究的热情.例如：在教学六年级上册第4课《燃烧与灭火》一课时,上课伊始,我让学生观察下列实验：我在讲台上点燃一支蜡烛,然后用玻璃杯罩上.学生目不转睛地看着,发现蜡烛慢慢熄灭了.对于这个发现,学生很想知道为什么罩上玻璃杯后,蜡烛怎么会慢慢熄灭!在这一问题情境中,学生自然地就产生了一种强烈的好奇心,这种好奇心就会促使学生想尽快地找到答案,我也很轻松自然地导入到新课.

二、重视指导,突出实践性

小学生不喜欢枯燥的讲解,希望课堂上能有尽可能多的时间亲自动手实验或观看老师操作.但小学生对科学这门学科认知水平、探究水平都是很有限的.因此,就要我们教师在探究活动中应扮演好“引导者”这一角色,适当地引导学生清楚探究的目标、过程以及应注意的一些问题等,让学生明白：“该干什么,该怎么做”,并不是完全的放任自由.所以在课堂上指导学生进行科学探究活动离不开老师.如：我在教学五年级上册第9课《有趣的磁现象》这一课时,首先,在探究活动前,我把本课的探究活动的要求、目标及需要注意的问题向学生交待清楚,要求好让小组长根据活动的需要依次取出进行操作；其次,在探究活动的过程中,我除了对课堂秩序和探究活动的进程进行调控处,还下到学生小组中与他们一起实验,发现问题及时适当地提示和指导；最后,当探究活动完成后,我组织学生进行交流回报,帮助学生对探究问题的结论形成清晰的认识,加深对知识的理解,使学生从感性到理性认识,达成科学概念.

三、适时放手,体现自主性

激发学生科学兴趣的主要目的是为了让学生参与探究活动,经历猜想、实验、观察、思考、分析、总结等过程.在这个过程中,学生是主体,教师则只是助手.因此,科学探究活动必须要强调学生的自主性,如果离开了学生的自主性,也就谈不上科学探究.如：在教学《有趣的磁现象》这一课“活动1――磁铁能吸什么?”时,我知道小学生对磁铁已有了一定的认识.于是我先准备一些不同物质的实验材料,如：硬币、纸、铁、铜、玻璃、橡皮、别针、小木块等,实验前让学生大胆猜测磁铁能吸引哪些物体,估计学生就磁铁能否吸铜、硬币或小纸片等这些问题产生认知的矛盾,也就有了探究、验证的基础,以此调动学生探究学习的热情,激发探究、验证的.然后再让学生自己动手试试磁铁可以吸哪些物体,填写记录报告,通过他们合作探究实验,整理记录报告,知道磁铁可以吸铁等金属,从而引导归纳出“磁性”的概念.这样不仅解决了磁铁吸铁的性质,更主要的是吸纳了学生的生活经验,让他们从寻常的游戏活动中学到了新奇的科学知识,进一步激发了他们的学习兴趣.

四、诱导联想,注重启发性

古希腊哲学家亚里斯多德认为：“思维自惊奇和疑问开始”.因此,在探究过程中,正确引导学生进行科学思考,启迪学生思维,是有效进行科学探究的关键.我认为,教师只有依据科学教学目标,遵循小学生的认知规律,有机结合小学生已有的经验和生活中熟知的生活现象,创设问题情境,让学生在情境中感知问题,寻找问题,并提出问题,才能有力调动和激活小学生思维的积极性和主动性.例如,在教授六年级上册《燃烧和灭火》一课时,学生通过实验,能够比较容易地总结出“燃烧需要氧气和可燃物”两个比较熟知的条件.但是对于“燃烧需要可燃物达到一定温度（燃点）”这个条件学生不易理解.为了突破这个教学难点,我启发学生：“可燃物在氧气中会自己燃烧起来吗?”学生回答：“不会,要用火柴点.”接着,我又引导学生说：“点燃火柴,除了在火柴盒上划,还有办法能让它燃烧起来吗?谁能设计出更多更好的实验方法?”,学生经过讨论,想出了用放大镜照、钻木取火,把放有火柴的铁板放到火上烤,自己发现“燃烧需要一定的温度”.

五、以趣设疑,诱发创新性

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6u5Yid5Lit5pWw5a2m5o6i57Si6IO95Yqb5Y+K5YW25Z+55YW7KuWwj+iuruWIneS4reaVsOWtpuaOoue0ouiDveWKm+WPiuWFtuWfueWFu2QCDQ9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyODMt6auY5Lit5L+h5oGv5oqA5pyv5a2m5Lmg5oOF5aKD55qE5Yib6K6+5rWF6K6uLemrmOS4reS/oeaBr+aKgOacr+WtpuS5oOaDheWig+eahOWIm+iuvua1heiurmQCDg9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyODQq5a+55bCP5a2m6K+t5paH6K++5aCC5pWZ5a2m55qE5Yeg54K55rWF6KeBKuWvueWwj+WtpuivreaWh+ivvuWgguaVmeWtpueahOWHoOeCuea1heingWQCDw9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyODUb6K6p5pWw5a2m5Zug55Sf5rS76ICM57K+5b2pG+iuqeaVsOWtpuWboOeUn+a0u+iAjOeyvuW9qWQCEA9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyODYq5aaC5L2V5o+Q6auY5bCP5a2m55Sf55qE6K+t5paH6ZiF6K+75rC05bmzKuWmguS9leaPkOmrmOWwj+WtpueUn+eahOivreaWh+mYheivu+awtOW5s2QCEQ9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyODcY6auY5Lit5pS/5rK76K++5LiO55Sf5rS7GOmrmOS4reaUv+ayu+ivvuS4jueUn+a0u2QCBw9kFgRmDxUBDOivvuWggui1hOa6kGQCAQ8WAh8BAhUWKmYPZBYCZg8VBAAManNuaDIwMTIxMjg4MOa1heiwiOWMluWtpuivvuWgguWmguS9leacieaViOW8gOWxleWunumqjOaVmeWtpjDmtYXosIjljJblrabor77loILlpoLkvZXmnInmlYjlvIDlsZXlrp7pqozmlZnlraZkAgEPZBYCZg8VBAAManNuaDIwMTIxMjg5G+a1heiwiOa1geihjOmfs+S5kOi/m+ivvuWgghvmtYXosIjmtYHooYzpn7PkuZDov5vor77loIJkAgIPZBYCZg8VBAAManNuaDIwMTIxMjkwJOWIneS4reWOhuWPsuivvuWgguWvvOWFpeiJuuacr+a1heiuriTliJ3kuK3ljoblj7Lor77loILlr7zlhaXoibrmnK/mtYXorq5kAgMPZBYCZg8VBAAManNuaDIwMTIxMjkxJ+Wwj+WtpuivreaWh+ivl+aEj+ivvuWggueahOWwneivlea1heiuriflsI/lrabor63mlofor5fmhI/or77loILnmoTlsJ3or5XmtYXorq5kAgQPZBYCZg8VBAAManNuaDIwMTIxMjkyK+S4gOefs+a/gOi1t+WNg+Wxgua1qiDkuIDpl67lkK/mtLvkuIfnu6rmgJ0r5LiA55+z5r+A6LW35Y2D5bGC5rWqIOS4gOmXruWQr+a0u+S4h+e7quaAnWQCBQ9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTMk5rWF6LCI5bCP5a2m6K+t5paH5rS75Yqo6K++55qE5byA5bJOa1heiwiOWwj+WtpuivreaWh+a0u+WKqOivvueahOW8gOWxlWQCBg9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTQq5paw6K++5pS55LiL5Lit5a2m6K+t5paH6K++5aCC5pWZ5a2m5rWF5o6iKuaWsOivvuaUueS4i+S4reWtpuivreaWh+ivvuWgguaVmeWtpua1heaOomQCBw9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTUk5oiQ5Yqf55qE6K++5aCC57yY5LqO5pel5bi455qE56ev57SvJOaIkOWKn+eahOivvuWggue8mOS6juaXpeW4uOeahOenr+e0r2QCCA9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTYt5rWF6LCI5paw6K++5qCH5LiL55qE5bCP5a2m5pWw5a2m6K++5aCC5pWZ5a2mLea1heiwiOaWsOivvuagh+S4i+eahOWwj+WtpuaVsOWtpuivvuWgguaVmeWtpmQCCQ9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTcq6LCI5Lit5a2m54mp55CG6K++5aCC5pWZ5a2m5oOF5aKD55qE5Yib6K6+KuiwiOS4reWtpueJqeeQhuivvuWgguaVmeWtpuaDheWig+eahOWIm+iuvmQCCg9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTgk5a+55b2T5YmN5bCP5a2m6K+t5paH5pWZ6IKy55qE5Y+N5oCdJOWvueW9k+WJjeWwj+WtpuivreaWh+aVmeiCsueahOWPjeaAnWQCCw9kFgJmDxUEAAxqc25oMjAxMjEyOTke5rWF6LCI5pWw5a2m6K++5aCC55qE55Sf5rS75YyWHua1heiwiOaVsOWtpuivvuWggueahOeUn+a0u+WMlmQCDA9kFgJmDxUEAA1qc25oMjAxMjEyMTAwPOWIm+W7uuWSjOiwkOeahOmrmOS4reaVsOWtpuivvuWgguaVmeWtpuawm+WbtOeahOWwneivlea1heiurjzliJvlu7rlkozosJDnmoTpq5jkuK3mlbDlrabor77loILmlZnlrabmsJvlm7TnmoTlsJ3or5XmtYXorq5kAg0PZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjEwMSflpoLkvZXmv4Dlj5HlrabnlJ/niLHkuIror63mlofor77mtYXosIgn5aaC5L2V5r+A5Y+R5a2m55Sf54ix5LiK6K+t5paH6K++5rWF6LCIZAIOD2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMDIh5aaC5L2V5L2c5bCP5a2m6K+t5paH6K++5aCC56yU6K6wIeWmguS9leS9nOWwj+WtpuivreaWh+ivvuWggueslOiusGQCDw9kFgJmDxUEAA1qc25oMjAxMjEyMTAzJOivreaWh+ivvuWgguaVmeWtpuivreiogOiJuuacr+a1heiuriTor63mlofor77loILmlZnlrabor63oqIDoibrmnK/mtYXorq5kAhAPZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjEwNCTlsI/lrabmlbDlrabor77loILmj5Dpl67mioDlt6fmtYXorq4k5bCP5a2m5pWw5a2m6K++5aCC5o+Q6Zeu5oqA5ben5rWF6K6uZAIRD2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMDUh6K+t5q616K6t57uD5pWZ5a2m55qE5bCd6K+V5rWF6K6uIeivreauteiuree7g+aVmeWtpueahOWwneivlea1heiurmQCEg9kFgJmDxUEAA1qc25oMjAxMjEyMTA2MOWmguS9leeUqOW5vem7mOWIm+iuvuiJr+WlveeahOaVsOWtpuivvuWgguawm+WbtDDlpoLkvZXnlKjlubu5jliJvorr7oia/lpb3nmoTmlbDlrabor77loILmsJvlm7RkAhMPZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjEwNzPlsI/lrabmlbDlrabor77loILmlZnlrabkuK3igJzmlrDnn6XigJ3lvJXlhaXkuIPms5Uz5bCP5a2m5pWw5a2m6K++5aCC5pWZ5a2m5Lit4oCc5paw55+l4oCd5byV5YWl5LiD5rOVZAIUD2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMDgn5rG96L2u5Y+R55S15py657uE5om+5Lit5b+D5pa55rOV5o6i5p6QJ+axvei9ruWPkeeUteacuue7hOaJvuS4reW/g+aWueazleaOouaekGQCCA9kFgRmDxUBDOaVmeazleS6pOa1gWQCAQ8WAh8BAhQWKGYPZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjEwOULmtYXosIjmj5Dpq5gIrorqHnrpfmnLrnu4Too4XkuI7nu7Tkv67jgIvnmoTmlZnlrabotKjph4/nmoTmlrnms5VC5rWF6LCI5o+Q6auY44CK6K6h566X5py657uE6KOF5LiO57u05L+u44CL55qE5pWZ5a2m6LSo6YeP55qE5pa55rOVZAIBD2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMTAb5Lit6ICD5ZCO5pWw5a2m5pWZ5a2m5Y+N5oCdG+S4reiAg+WQjuaVsOWtpuaVmeWtpuWPjeaAnWQCAg9kFgJmDxUEAA1qc25oMjAxMjEyMTExJ+mrmOS4reivreaWh+WkmuWFg+WMluaVmeWtpuaWueazlea1heiurifpq5jkuK3or63mloflpJrlhYPljJbmlZnlrabmlrnms5XmtYXorq5kAgMPZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjExMjDlranlrZDmiJDkuLrigJznoJTnqbbogIXigJ3nmoTmlZnlrablsJ3or5XmtYXorq4w5a2p5a2Q5oiQ5Li64oCc56CU56m26ICF4oCd55qE5pWZ5a2m5bCd6K+V5rWF6K6uZAIED2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMTMk5byA5pS+5o6i57Si5oCn6K+V6aKY55qE6Kej6aKY5pa55rOVJOW8gOaUvuaOoue0ouaAp+ivlemimOeahOino+mimOaWueazlWQCBQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1qc25oMjAxMjEyMTE0Reaxguino+WHuOS6jOasoeinhOWIkueahOS4gOenjU1laHJvdHJhIOWei+mihOS8sOKAlOefq+ato+WGheeCueeul+azlUXmsYLop6Plh7jkuozmrKHop4TliJLnmoTkuIDnp41NZWhyb3RyYSDlnovpooTkvLDigJTnn6vmraPlhoXngrnnrpfms5VkAgYPZBYCZg8VBAANanNuaDIwMTIxMjExNTPlsI/lrabnlJ/mlbDlrablrabkuaDmlrnms5XnmoTmjIflr7zlkozln7nlhbvmtYXorq4z5bCP5a2m55Sf5pWw5a2m5a2m5Lmg5pa55rOV55qE5oyH5a+85ZKM5Z+55YW75rWF6K6uZAIHD2QWAmYPFADWpzbmgyMDEyMTIxMTYl5pS55ZaE5pWZ5a斯坦说：“对真理的追求比真理占有更可贵.”由此可见创新意识和创新精神的重要性.尤其是二十一世纪的到来,当今社会已经进入知识经济时代,创新已经成为这个时代的显著标志,教育的核心是就是培养学生具有创新素质,创新精神和实践能力正是素质教育的重点.如果从学科特点方面讲,小学的科学教学能为从小培养学生的创新精神和实践能力提供了广阔的空间和多种锻炼的机会.因此,在小学科学课堂上,我们要给学生充分的时间,让学生充分地动手、动脑,像科学家那样“真刀”地去搞科学,去探索,去创新.如：在讲授《电路的研究》一课,如果我们不让学生亲身经历简单电路的安装过程,学生就不了解小电珠发光的原因.当学生了解小电珠发光的原因,体会了开关在电路中的作用以后,老师再提出生活中的声控开关、触摸开关是如何工作的呢?实践证明,让小学生在参与探究实践过程中体会知识、明白道理,老师适时点拨、巧设疑问,既能促进和保证学生探究的有效性,又能激发学生的创新意识.

总之,提高科学探究的有效性是我们每一位教师在科学课堂教学中所追求的目标.要使科学探究活动更加有效,教师不仅要在材料、指导等方面下功夫,还要注意培养学生科学的学习态度、探究方法,让学生明白怎样才是真正的探究活动,让学生感悟有效探究的乐趣,促进科学素养的培养,才能彰显探究的魅力,焕发课堂应有的活力.