网站原创【摘 要】外来词是借用词.多年来,外来词已被引入到汉语词汇系统,尤其是英语外来词,他们逐渐成为汉语词汇系统的重要组成部分.同时,出现了大量的英语外来词在中国产生了一些新的现象,这对中国的影响很大.本文从目的论角度对汉语中的英语外来词的翻译进行了研究.
【关 键 词】英语外来语；目的论；连贯法则
1.INTRODUCTION
Languageisasocialphenomenon,whichdevelopswiththedevelopmentofsociety.Differentnationshevariouscontactsintrade,culturalexchange,migrationandwar,andallthesewouldinevitablyleadtothecontactofdifferentlanguages,foreignwordsisthehistoricalevidenceofthiskindofcontact.ThefamouslinguistSpairhassaid,languages,likeculture,arerarelyself-sufficient.Fortheneedsofmunication,peoplehedirectorindirectcontactbyusinglanguage.Thesimplestinfluencefromonelanguageonanotherlanguageistheborrowingofwords.
IntheprocessofdevelopmentoftheChinesevocabularysystem,theabsorptionofforeignwordshasneverstopped.Sincethereformandopeningup,theborrowingspeedandamountheanamazingincrease.Nowadays,80%ofpublicationsareinEnglish.Englishisthemostmonlyusedinternationallanguageinmanysortsoffields：politics,economy,culture,scienceandtechnology,educationandsoon.ForEnglish-speakingdevelopedcountriesherapideconomicdevelopment,theyaretheleadersofscienceandtechnology,andintheprocessofdevelopment,therearemanynewthingsandnewwordsappearing.Inordertocatchupwiththem,theintroductionofthesenewthingsandnewconceptsisinevitable.SoEnglishloanwordiscontinuouslygrowingandhasbeenapartofChinesesystemthatcannotbeignored.
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1.1Loanword
Withthedevelopmentofsocietyincludingthechangesofdiplomaticpoliciesandthedevelopmentofeconomyandtechnology,languageisalsoconstantlyupdated.Itappearsanewword,called“loanword”.
1.1.1Thedefinitionofloanword
Inthewell-knownworkLanguage,LeonardBloomfielddiscussedborrowing.Hedivideslanguagecontactintothreecategories：culturalborrowing,intimateborrowing,anddialectborrowing.Forintimateborrowing,hesaidthatinanycase,itisthenon-dominantlanguagethatborrowslanguagefromthedominantlanguage.Thedominantlanguageremainsunchangedwithfewborrowing,whilethenon-dominantlanguagefightsagainstthedominantlanguage.AndinEdwardSapir’sbookLanguage：AnintroductiontotheStudyofSpeech,hedidaresearchonborrowingfromthepointofviewofdescriptivelinguistics.
Wordisthemostsensitiveelementinthechangeanddevelopmentoflanguagesystem.Wordwilltimelyreflectsomechangesofsocietybecausenewthingsareexpressedbynewwords.Withthedevelopmentofworld,therearegreatnumbersofnewideasandnewthingsingintoChinawhichmustbeexpressedbylanguage,sonewwordse.Manyofthemareborrowedfromforeignlanguages,especiallyEnglish.Therefore,thethesisisastudyonEnglishloanwordsinModernChinese.1.1.2ThestudiesonEnglishloanword
LoanWords—ForeignCultureEmissarybyShiYouweimainlyfocusesonvariouskindsofloanwordromancienttimes（3000yearsago）tonow.Hemadeanecessaryarrangementfortheplicatedresearchoutesofpredecessors.Hemadeacreativeconclusionofnewphenomenainloanwordromanaspectofword-building,“Loanwordshebetterandmorespecificconditioninviewingthanotherwords.Foritisawordhasbothforeignformandnativemeaning.Thesetwomakeupsoulandappearanceofawordwhichhasaduality.”
1.2CommentsandOpinions
Fromtheliteraturereviewabove,agreatmanystudieshebeenmadeonloanwordfromvariousaspects：somemethodsoftheloanwordtranslationandcontactbetweenloanwordandcultureorsomeothersubjects.Exceptforthedictionaries,therearenotmanystudiesonthetranslation,especiallythetranslationbasedontheories,onlyslightlytouchedon.Thereshouldbefurtherstudiesonthetranslationofloanword.
Firstly,thestudyonloanwordtranslationhelpspeoplegetamoreprehensiveunderstandingofthepronunciation,word,vocabularyandgrammarofmodernChineseandtheSkoposTheoryprovidesaspecialpointforbettertranslations.LoanwordsgetintoChinese,influencingpronunciation,word,vocabulary,andgrammarsystem,sobystudyingthosewords,peoplecanunderstandChineseinmoreaspectswithiewofdynamicdevelopment.
Secondly,ithasagreatmeaningbothintheoryandinpractice.Intheory,agoodtranslationisimportantinstudyinglexicology,anditisalsohelpfulinstudyingsociology,psychology,andcross-culturalmunicationandotherfields.Inpractice,withthehelpofthisstudy,peoplecanfindmoreprinciplesoftranslationofloanword,andfindpropertranslationskillswhentranslatingloanword.
2.CONCLUSION
Sapirsaid,“Thesimplestkindofinfluencethatonelanguagemayexertonanotheristhe‘borrowing’ofwords.”（Sapir202）Atverybeginning,borrowingforeignwordswasonlytointroducethenewthingsandconcepts.Gradually,loanwordbecameanimportantpartofChineselexicalsystem.Andamongtheseloanwords,Englishloanwordsarethemost.TheseEnglishloanwordscanbeclassifiedintofourcategories：transliterationloanword,liberaltranslationloanword,transliterationplusliberaltranslationloanwordanddirectloanofEnglishwords.
TheSkoposTheorywasproposedin1970s,theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurposeoftheoveralltranslationalaction.IntheprocessoftranslatingEnglishloanword,thebasicpurposeistointroducenewthingsandconceptsofforeigncountriestoChina.Foratranslationalactionmayhearietyofpurposes,thetranslatorsshouldbeabletomakeachoice,sotranslatorscanfollowtherulesoftheSkoposTheory.
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