网站原创【Abstract】Theuseoflanguagevarieswithregardtothegenderdifference,andmanyresearcheshebeendoneonthistopic.Inthispaper,byreadingandanalyzingmorethantenpapersonthistopictheauthorgivesasummaryonthepapersconcerningthecategories,methodologyandresults.Ithasbeenfoundthatthedifferenceordifferentgendermainlylieinuseoflanguageandconversationalstyleandthatitieaningfultoknowthesedifferences.However,thereisstillsomeroomforimprovementinthefuturestudies.
【Keywords】genderuseoflanguageconversationalstyledifference
Ⅰ.Introduction
Thereisaconsiderableevidencethatlanguagesusedbymenandwomenaredifferenttosomeextent.Infact,genderdistinctionsinlinguisticbehiorareabranchofsociolinguisticsanditisanimpactofextralinguisticfactorsonlanguageuse.Withinthelargebodyofresearchesreportingorstatingstereotypicalandactualdifferencesinthemunicationalbehiorsofmenandwomen,wecanfindmuchevidencetoproveourmonsenseaboutgender-linkedlanguagedifferences.Therefore,afurtherstudyonthistopicisofgreatsignificance.Wecannotonlygainmuchmoreknowledgeaboutthepreciousachievementsintheprocessofanalyzingthesamplepapers,wecanalsousetheknowledgetoguideourconversationalbehiors.
Thisessay,byanalyzingmorethantenpapersonthistopic,aimsatfindingoutwhathasbeenstudied,howitwasstudiedandwhatcanbeimprovedinthefuturestudy.
Ⅱ.Asummaryonthepapers
Differentcategoriesaboutthetopic
Theabovementionedpapers,althoughcenteredonthesamegeneraltopic,arerevolvedarounddifferentaspectswithindifferentkindofpeople.Theyfallintofourcategories.
Thefirstcategoryfocusesongenderdifferencesinconversationalstyle.Conversationalstyleiainlyconcernedwiththebehiorswecansenseinconversations.Stylemaybeconsideredastrategyusedinordertoreachacertainmunicationalgoal.Wordsdistribution,topicanization,topicshift,andinterruptions,shortresponsesandsoonaretypicalexamplesofstyle,andtheyheactuallybeenstudiedinthispaper.Intheresearchtotesttheempiricalvalidityoffourmonlyheldbeliefswhicharewomenspeakmore,speakfaster,leemoresentencesunfinished,andoperateatasimplerconceptuallevelthanmen.alsobelongstothiscategory.
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Thesecondonecentersongenderdifferencesintheuseoflanguageitself.Theuseoflanguageis,tosomeextent,differentfromconversationalstyle.Whentalkingabouttheuseoflanguageinaconversation,weusuallyrefertotheuseofwords,intonations,questionsandsoon.Inthosepapers,wecanfindtopicsontheuseofoffensivelanguageonTV.useofexpletivelanguageinuniversity（Bayard,Donn,2001）,useofhedgingandtagquestions（XuWeiyang,2011）,andsoforth.Thethirdoneconcentratesonbothaspectentionedabove.Ineffect,mostpapersareposedofthesetwoaspects.Whentalkingaboutthefactthatwomenaremoreemotionalthanmeninconversation（QianWei,2010）,theauthoralsopointsouttheiruseofgender-linkedwords.Sinceone’suseofcertainwords,questionsetc.Isareflectionofone’sconversationalstyle,weusuallymixedthetwotermsup.Thus,todiscussthetwoaspectssimultaneouslyion.
Thefourthiainlyconcernedtotestifythefactorsthataffectthelanguageuseingender.Oneresearchexaminestheeffectsofsex,chronicgenderidentityaccessibility,andgenderidentitysalienceongender-linkedlanguageuse.Anotherresearchermentionanyconventionaltheoriesandthentestifiesthembyanalyzingmovies（YangNa,2008）.Alsoaresearchattributesthiskindofdifferencetothefactthatsocietiesusesymbolicmeanstosegregatethesexesconceptuallyandphysically.
Ⅲ.Methodologyusedinresearch
Firstly,mostresearchersgottheirdatafromexperiments.Theseexperimentscanbefurtherdividedintorecording,andtests.Insomeresearches,digitalrecordpenwithanOmnidirectionalmicrophone,SonyWalkmanProfessionalandtaperecordingsareusedtorecordspontaneousandnaturalspokenconversationwiththepermissionoftheparticipants.Someotherpapers’resultsarefromtests.Therearemanyquestionsrelatedtomaleandfemalelanguagefeatureoralltheparticipantstomakeadistinction
Thesecondmethodisinterviews.Afterrecording,someinformalinterviewsinvestigatingaboutparticipants’realintentionwerestillconducted.Theinterviewshelpedinfullyunderstandingthediscourseandgettingridofsomeculturalobstacles.
ThethirdoneissampleromfilmandTV.Programsbroadcastduringprimetime（8to11p.m.EST）ontheABC,CBS,FOX,NBC,PAX,UPN,andWBworksinNovemberandDecember,2001,werevideotapedforcontentanalysis.Andalsoanotherauthorhastakenthefilm“WhiteChicks”asalanguagesource.
Pre-existingtheoriesandfindingoundtheirwayinprovingtheauthorsarguments.Manypapers,whentryingtosortoutthefactorsthataffectthedifferencesareonthegroundofmanyfamoustheories,includingthemaledominancetheory,thesexrolessocializationtheory,theappropriateregisterstheory,andculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomenandsoon.
Ⅳ.ResultoundinthesepapersResultsvariedinaccordancewiththedifferentaspectstheseresearcheshefocusedon.
Forconversationalstylestudies,onehaoundthatthetypicalfeaturesofconversationalstylesuchaswordsdistribution,topicanization,topicshift,andinterruptions,shortresponsesofwomenhegreatdistinctionrommen.Ingeneral,womenwhentalkingtoeachotherusecooperativeoverlaptoasignificantlygreaterextentthanmen.Womenusehigh-involvementstyleandareparticipatorylistenership.Another’sresultsdonotsupportthepopularstereotypethatwomenspeakmore,speakfaster,leemoresentencesunfinished,andoperateatasimplerconceptuallevelthanmen.
Fortheuseoflanguage,onestudyhassucceededinpartlyreplicatingLimbrick’s1991resultsinthatitisclearthatexpletiveuse—includingthestrongestofexpletives—isnolongeranexclusivelymasculinedomain,atleastfortheseNZEspeakers.Bothfemalesandmalesemployawiderangeofexpletiveoremphasisandsolidaritypurposes.Anotherstudyshowsthatswearingoccurredmostofteninman-to-maninteractions,followedbywomen-to-men.Menandwomentendedtousemildcursewordorewhentalkingtotheoppositesex.Unmarriedwomenmoreoftendirectedexpletivesatbothmenandwomen；unmarriedmencursedmoreatothermen.
Aorthefactorsthatmaycausethisphenomenon,resultsaremoreorlessthesame.Somestatedthatthefindingsprovethatwomen’stypicalconversationalstyleisduetomen’sdominantpositionthatmakesthemrefusetotakeresponsibilityfortheoothconductofinterpersonalrelations.Somestudieindthatthepsychologicalandphysicaldifference,environmentalfactors,andconventionsareaccountedforit.What’ore,thegenderperceptionscanleadpeopletochangingtheirwordssuchashedginginconversation,butwouldnotaffecttheuseoftagquestionsandtheirtopics.Someresearchersbelievethatallthesedifferenceswehestudiedaresociallycreatedandthereforemaybesociallyaltered.
Ⅴ.Conclusion
Bytheanalysisofthesetenpapers,wecanseegreatsignificanceofstudyingthistopic.Theseexistingstudieshetestifiedsomeofourhypothesisefficientlyandpersuasively.Themethodsusedcanbetakenasexampleinthefuturestudy.Bytheseresults,wecangetabetterunderstandingofmaleandfemale’sspeechcharacteristics,andmakeuseofourownmeritsandmakeupforourshortingsinmunication.However,thereisstillroomforimprovementinthefutureresearches.Firstly,newperspectivescanbefoundinthestudyonthistopic.Forinstance,justaindparticipantsatdifferentages,theycanalsobefoundfromdifferentculturalbackgroundsoastonarrowthescopeandheafurtheranddeeperstudyinit.Secondly,someofthemethodinvolvedisnotthatscientific.Taketherecordingforinstance,thattheparticipantsthemselveschosetimetorecordmayaffecttheirnormalbehiors.Allinall,weneedtobecreativeandcriticaltowardstheexistingfindingssoastoachievemoreinthisarea.
【References】
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