小额担保贷款助推妇女创业就业

Withthetopicofwomenstart-upsheatingupworld-wide,inbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,morewomenareleingtheirhomesandstrivingtomakeduecontributiontosocialdevelopmentandcountries’construction.Accordingtothe2010statisticsbyGEM,thegrowthrateofthenumberofwomenentrepreneursisthreetimesofthatoftheirmalecounterparts.Nowadays,businesswomenareplayinganever-increasinglyimportantroleineconomy,societyandpolitics.

近年来,女性创业议题在全球各地形成了一股浪潮,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,越来越多的女性正走出家门,撑起社会发展、国家建设的“半边天”.据GEM2010年的统计数据显示,当前女性创业的增长率是男性的3倍,女性企业家在经济、社会、政治各个领域发挥着越来越重要的作用.

TheChineseEntrepreneurialMarketSlowlyHeadora“She”Era

中国创业市场逐渐进入“她时代”

Earlyin2005,GEMhasconductedanin-depthresearchontheentrepreneurialactivitiesinover40countriesandregionsworldwide.Accordingtothesurvey,theindexofwomen’sentrepreneurialactivitiesintheworldis6.9%,whilstwomen’entrepreneurindexinChinareaches11.16%,i.e.,4.26higherthantheerageindex,whichspeakstrulyofthedynamicsituationofwomen’sentrepreneurshipinChina.Duringyearsafterthat,surveysonChinesewomen’entrepreneurshipcontinued.The2007ChineseBusinesswomenDevelopmentReportindicatesthatthenumberofChinesebusinesswomenaccountfor20%ofthetotalnumberintheworld.Women’sstart-upactivitiesincreasedby17%paredwith10yearsago,reaching21%.The2008GEMChinaReportalsoshowsthatChinesewomen’sentrepreneurshipboastedgreatfutureintheglobalbackdrop.

DespitetheongoingenthusiaonthepartofChinesewomenentrepreneurs,thegenderscaleisstilltilted.Accordingtothe2008-2009ChinesePeopleEntrepreneurshipReport,whilethenumberofmaleentrepreneursaccountor72.96%,thenumberofwomenentrepreneursonlyaccountor27.04%.Althoughitisslightlyhigherthantheratioof25.76%in2006-2007,themainbodyofentrepreneurialgroupremainen.Pressurefromfamilies,restraintoftraditionalthoughtsandcapitalshortagearethemainunderlyingreasons.

“Amanworksoutsideandawomanworksinside”,asatraditionalconcept,stilldeteranywomenfromstartingbusiness.Worsestill,manyfemaleentrepreneurs,weigheddownbythedualburdenoffamilyandcareer,cannotdevotethemselveswhollytotheirwork.Second,undertheinfluenceoftraditionalthinking,womentendtohesitateandhangbackbeforereinvestingandexpandingbusiness,thuissinggoodopportunities.Third,capitalrestrainthamperswomen’sstartingofbusiness.Duetothebiasofgenderdifferenceincreditandabilityofmoneymanagement,womenentrepreneurs,asambitiousastheyare,stillcannotraiseenoughmoneyandhetogiveup.Someotherwomenentrepreneursexertexcessiveenergyinraisingmoneyandtheyaretoobusytoruntheirbusinesswell.早在2005年,GEM就曾对全球40多个国家和地区的创业情况进行过深入调查,调查结果显示,GEM的女性全员创业活动指数为6.9%,而中国女性全员创业活动指数达11.16%,高出平均指数4.26个百分点,真实地体现了中国女性创业市场的活跃程度.在这之后的几年内,相关部门、机构一直未停止过对中国女性创业情况的调查研究,2007中国女企业家发展报告显示,中国的女企业家人数占到了企业家总数的20%,女性自主创业的比例比10年前提高了17个百分点,达到了21%.GEM2008年中国报告也显示,中国女性创业在全球创业活动中有着很好的发展空间.

尽管中国女性创业热情一路高涨,但相比较男性而言,女性创业比例仍存在较大差距.2008―2009年度中国百姓创业致富调查报告显示,该年度男性创业者的比例为72.96%,而女性创业者仅占27.04%.尽管较2006至2007年度的25.76%有所上升,但创业者主体还是男性.究其原因主要体现在家庭压力的影响、传统思想的限制、资颈的制约等.

中国“男主外、女主内”的社会观念,致使很多女性不敢创业；即使很多已创业女性由于肩负着事业家庭双重担子,也不能轻装上阵,全身心投入到自身事业中.其次,在传统思想的影响下,女性在创业时往往顾虑重重,这也使得她们在增加投资、扩大企业规模时会瞻前顾后,错失发展良机.再次,资颈制约女性创业.因存在男女信用有别、女性资金运作能力差的偏见,创业女性在民间借贷上存在诸多困难,有些女性虽有满腔创业热情,但苦于无法筹措到所需资金,无奈只能放弃创业；而另一些创业女性由于将大部分精力都用在筹措资金上,无暇投入企业管理,最终导致企业难以维持正常运营.

LeverageofPoliciestoHelpWomenEntrepreneurship

从政策层面扶持妇女创业、就业

InChina,giventheobstaclestowomenentrepreneurship,policiestohelpwithandfosterwomen’sentrepreneurshiparelaidouttoencouragewomentobeengagedinentrepreneurialactivities.Amongthem,NoticeofFinancialDiscountPolicyonImprovingMicro-FinancetoEmpowerWomeninStart-UpsandEmploymentgivesgreatincentivestowomen’sentrepreneurs.

InJuly2009,thetreasurydepartmentoftheAll-ChinaWomen'sFederation,MinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurity,People'sBankofChinajointlyissuedNoticeofFinancialDiscountPolicyonImprovingMicro-FinancetoEmpowerWomeninStart-UpsandEmploymentasanincentivepolicytoencouragewomen’sentrepreneurship.ItissaidtobethefirsttimefortheAll-ChinaWomen’sFederationtoinfluencethegovernmenttolayoutentrepreneursupportivepoliceorwomenandthetreasurydepartmenttogivefull-amountdiscountsupporttowomenandthefinancialdepartmenttocarryoutamarketableoperation.

Comparedwithothermicro-financesupportanizedbytheAll-ChinaWoman’sFederation,thispolicygewomenspecialsupportinloanlimitandloancoverage.E.g.,Thesumofasingleloantowomenwasliftedfromnohigherthan10,000RMBtothemaximumof80,000RMB.Astopartnershipventure,thesumwasincreasedto100,000RMB.Theloancoverageexpandedfromunemployedcitizensandcitizenswhowerehardtofindjobstoruralwomenwhowereunabletosolvetheirbiggestdifficultiesintheirearly-stageentrepreneurship―fundshortage.

考虑到中国广大女性群体创业的积极性以及现实环境对女性创业的诸多制约,各级政府与相关部门本着鼓励女性自主创业的态度,开始纷纷策划与制定扶持、培育女性创业的优惠政策.其中,《关于完善小额担保贷款财政贴息政策,推动妇女创业就业工作的通知》为鼓励妇女创业就业留下了浓墨重彩的一笔.2009年7月,全国妇联协调财政部、人力资源和社会保障部、中国人民银行共同下发了《关于完善小额担保贷款财政贴息政策,推动妇女创业就业工作的通知》,出台了扶持妇女创业就业的优惠政策.据了解,此项政策是妇联组织推动国家政策层面首次明确将妇女作为政策受益主体,财政部门给予全额贴息支持,金融部门实行市场化运作的创业扶持政策.

有别于以往妇联组织实施的妇女小额信贷,这项政策在贷款额度、贷款覆盖等方面给予妇女特殊扶持.如,以前妇女单笔贷款金额一般都在1万元以内,这次将妇女个人最高贷款额度提高至8万元,合伙经营的人均提高至10万元,额度明显增加；政策覆盖面也由城镇失业人员和就业困难人员拓展至农村妇女.对广大农村妇女而言,创业初期面临的最大困难就是资金不足,妇女小额贷款解决了她们的燃眉之急.

NoticeableResult

妇女创业扶持政策成效显著

Sincetheimplementationin2009allsecuredloanorwomenhemaderemarkableachievement.Attheendofthefirstquarterin2013,allsecuredloanorwomenheaccumulatedto137.461billionRMB,benefiting2.7977millionwomen.Moreover,thesubsidizedinterestfromcentralandlocalfinanceshasreached6.054billion,andhelpshundredsofthousandsofwomentostartcareers,widelygainingaffirmationfromall-levelauthoritiesandpopularityfromamajorityofwomen.

WangXia,a38-year-oldordinaryruralwoman,livesinWanzivillageofLiaoquantowninLinzeCounty,ZhangyeCity,GansuProvince.In2010,shedevelopedasolargreenhouseforvegetableplantingwiththeaidof80,000RMBfromallsecuredloans,creatingnewmeanstobeewell-off.Consequently,shehaspletelychangedthepreviouslivingconditionof“feedingoncropplantingandbreedingpigortheNewYear’sDay”,andturnedtoarenownedfemalemoneymakerintheeyesoflocalresidentsinthevillage.Lookingbackatthehardshipsandstrugglesatthebeginning,Wangexpressedhergratefulness:“Itistheallsecurityloansthathelperealizemypersonaldream！Now,IcanaffordtohebuiltmyhouseandboughtacaronmyowneventhoughI’manordinaryfarmer.”

FromSeptember2009toMarch2013,acumulativesumof27.878billionofwomanmicro-financewasdistributedinGansuprovincetohelpwomentostartbusiness,benefiting640,000urbanandruralwomen.Gansurankedthefirstintermsofcumulativeloanamountandnew-addedloanquota.Meanwhile,tofullytaptheuseofwomanmicro-finance,Gansuputitocusofloansupportiveprojectsonbreeding,planting,agriculturalproductsandby-productprocessing,“HappyFarmhouses”andotherfeatureindustries,greatlyboostingtheconfidenceofruralwomenontheirabilitytogrowrichbythemselves.

WangJuyingfromXiuzhouDistrict,Jiaxingcity,Zhejiangprovinceisoneofthebeneficiariesofwomenmicro-finance.Shehadrunintocapitalshortagewhensettingupherembroideryworkshop.“Foralongwhile,mymoneycouldnotbecirculatedbackandmyworkerscouldnotbepaid.Fortunately,therewasthisloanpolicy.Iappliedforamicrodiscountloan.”Notonlydidshepayoffallthewagesinarreartoherworkers,herembroideryworkshopranbetterandbetter.Manylocallaid-offwomenworkersalsoregainedtheirpassionforwork.JiangsuBranchofAll-Woman’sFederationbineswomenmicro-financewithstart-upprojectstoencouragevillageofficialsofcollegegraduatestodevelopagriculturalproductionandhelpfarmerstogetrich.TherearemanyexemplaryfigureslikeLiuGuihua,whoplantedmelonsandPuJiqingwhoplantedberries,whosefruitoundgoodsaleinShanghai.Besides,TheAll-Women’sFederationalsobinesloanpolicywithprocessingonsuppliedmaterialsandencourageillionsofwomentobreakintothemarket.About800,000stay-backwomeninNorthJiangjuareengagedinapparel,headwear,knittingandotherhandcrafts,whichhelpsthemandtheirchildrentogrowwealthy.SunFuyingandBaoShu,twowomenentrepreneursinNanjing,sedtheirfactoriesaftertheyreceivedwomanmicro-financesupportwhenconfrontedwithfinancialcrisis.Theysaidthatthewomanmicro-financegetheirfactoriesachancetobreathe.Hundredsofwomengotridofunemployment.

Tobetterunderstandthesituation,effect,problemsandrequirementsoftheimplementationofmicro-financediscountpolicyforwomen,in2012,theAll-WomanFederationmissionedHuakunWomenLifeResearchCentertodoaresearchbyquestionnairesontensofthousandsofwomenbeneficiaries.Astothequestionnaireof“theusageandeffectofloans”,breeding,plantationandprocessing(includingmerceandserviceindustry)accountedfor98.3%.94%ofthebeneficiariessaidthattheywereabletopaybacktheloaninduetime.Andmostofthemgrewricherwhentheloanpaymentwasdue.Besides,theyfeltgoodonthefactthattheycouldapplyforloansintheirownnames.72.3%ofthemfeltthat“thefamily’inancialprospectishopeful”,67.1%felt“happy”,andthat“mystatusisimproved”,63.6%feltmoreconfidentoftheirpetenceand40.1%feltthat“theyaremorerespectedintheirfamily”.Mostimportantly,84.7%ofthembelievedthatnotonlytheythemselvesareimproved,theirrelationshipwiththeirhusbandsandotherfamilymemberswerealsobetter.

Ithasbeenprovedinpracticethatthepolicyofdiscountinterestofallsecuredloansincreaseswomen’sineinemploymentandpromotesthetacklingoftheissuesofemploymentandpeople’slivelihood.Accordingtostatistics,eachallsecuredloanis48,200RMBoneragewithdiscountinterestof2,074RMB.ArandomsamplebyACWFinGansuProvincedemonstratedthat,94.4%ofthewomenobtainingtheloansaddedover5,000RMBtotheirinesintheyearafternext,whichstimulatestheprogressofmodernagriculturalproductionandruralareaanddrivesthelocaleconomicgrowth.Withthebinationoftheallsecurityloanandlocalleadingindustryofagriculture,womenbeerichintheprocessofscientific,preciseandhigh-efficientagricultureundertheguidanceofthelocalgovernment.Moreover,itcontributestothelocalindustrialrestructuring,localeconomicdevelopmentandtheenvironmentofagriculturalproductionandrurallife,obtainingmulti-winsof“allloans,excellentprojectsandgreatprogress”.Eventually,women’srighttodevelopmentisupheldandtheirsocialstatusisimproved.Regardingfemalesastheloanbearers,thispolicysupportsthemwithcreditresources,providesthemwithchancesofindependentparticipationineconomicdecision-makingandmanagementandfurtherelevatestheirstatusinfamilyandsociety,whichisofgreatsignificancefortherealizationofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Familiesgoharmoniouslyandthesocietyisstabilized.Inspiteofabovesubstantialeconomicgainsbytheallsecurityloans,italsoattractssomemigrantmaleworkersbackhometostartcareers,andrelievesthesocialproblemsofleft-behindwomenandchildrentocertainextent,promotingharmoniouamiliesandsteadysocietyaswellasimprovingwomen’squalityandcultivatinganewtypeoffemaletalents.Meanwhile,intheprocessofallloanapplicationandutilizationduringwomen’semployment,thepolicylevelisraisedandsodothewomen’sproductiveskillsandoperativecapabilities.Intheimplementationofthepolicy,thereemergealargenumberofwomenpioneersandnewtypeofwomentalentswhoarecapableofoperationandmanagementwithremarkablecourageinvariousregions,whichbuildsasolidtalentbaseforbuildingamoderatelyprosperoussociety.GlobalEntrepreneurshipMonitor's(GEM)iittedtostudytheglobalentrepreneurialactivitiesandchanges,themotiveofnationalorregionalentrepreneurialactivities,andconnectionbetweenentrepreneurshipandeconomicgrowth,andevaluationsofthenationalentrepreneurialpolicies.

据了解,2009年7月至2013年一季度末,全国累计发放妇女小额担保贷款1374.61亿元,获贷妇女279.77万人次,及地方财政落实贴息60.54亿元,扶持带动近千万妇女创业就业,政策受到了广大妇女群众的欢迎.

38岁的王霞是甘肃省张掖市临泽县蓼泉镇湾子村一名普通的农村妇女,2010年,她借助8万元妇女小额担保贷款,发展日光温室和大拱棚蔬菜种植,创出了一条增收致富的新路子,彻底改变了以前“种地获口粮、养猪为过年”的生活状况,成为了湾子村群众眼里远近闻名的致富女能人.“我是一个普普通通的农民,现在也能靠自己的力量为家里盖小楼写小车了,是妇女小额贷款帮我实现了‘个人梦’!”回忆起创业之初的艰难奋斗,王霞对妇女小额担保贷款政策连连称道.

为帮助妇女创业就业,甘肃省自2009年9月至2013年3月底,累计发放妇女小额担保贷款278.78亿元,惠及64万城乡妇女,放贷规模位居全国第一.同时,为了充分发挥妇女小额担保贷款“四两拨千斤”的杠杆作用,甘肃省将贷款扶持项目重点放在种植、养殖、农副产品加工、农家乐等特色优势产业上,不断增强贫困地区妇女的致富信心和“造血”功能.

浙江省嘉兴市秀洲区的王菊英同样是妇女小额担保贷款的受益者之一,在其绣花站创立之初,也遇到过资金难题,“有段时间,加工的钱一直收不回来,大家的工资迟迟拿不到.幸好当时听说区里有这个贷款政策,我就及时申请了妇女小额贴息贷款.”通过贷款,王菊英及时付清了员工的工资.如今绣花站的生意越做越好,同时还帮助当地不少失业妇女重拾了往日工作的.

江苏省妇联将妇女小额担保贷款与创业项目结合,鼓励大学生村官发展农业生产、带动农民致富,涌现出了种甜瓜的刘桂华、种草莓的普吉庆等一批女大学生村官创业团队,她们生产的水果销往上海.此外,妇联将贷款与发展来料加工业相结合,鼓励百万妇女闯市场,有80多万名苏北留守妇女从事服装、头饰、编织等手工加工,既富了口袋,又顾了二代.南京市创业妇女孙福英、包曙在面临金融危机时,都获得了妇女小额担保贷款,使企业起死回生,她们称“妇女小额贷款为企业接了一口气”,让数百名妇女避免了失业困境.

为深入了解妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策实施现状、成效、问题和需求,2012年9月,全国妇联委托华坤女性生活调查中心开展了“万名妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策实施状况问卷调查”.在有关“贷款的用途与效果”的调查结果中发现,妇女贷款从事种植、养殖、加工业（包括商业、怎么写作业）的占98.3%.94%的受贷妇女表示能够按期还贷,贷款到期的受贷妇女多数增加了收入.另外,妇女对以自己的名义申请贷款感觉良好,感到“家庭创业致富有希望了”的占72.3%,感到“很高兴,觉得自己地位提高了”的占67.1%,“对自己的能力更有信心了”的占63.6%,感到“在家里更受尊重了”的占40.1%.更重要的是,有84.7%的受贷妇女认为自身素质提高了,夫妻关系更加和谐,家人之间更加和睦.

实践证明,妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策的实施促进了妇女创业增收,推动解决就业民生问题.据统计,妇女小额贷款每笔平均额度为4.82万元,平均贴息金额为2074元.全国妇联在甘肃进行的随机抽样调查显示,94.4%的贷款妇女反映贷款后年收入增加5000元以上；推动了现代农业生产和农村发展,拉动了地方经济增长.各地将妇女小额贷款与发展地方农业主导产业相结合,引领妇女在科学、精细、高效的农业生产劳动中实现了增收致富,促使了地方产业结构调整、区域经济发展与农业生产农村生活环境的改善,取得了“小贷款、好项目、大发展”的多赢效果；维护了妇女发展权益,提高了妇女社会地位.政策将女性确定为承贷主体,为妇女获得信贷资源提供了政策支持,为她们自主参与经济决策与管理创造了机会,提升了她们在家庭和社会中的地位,对于推动实现男女平等有着积极的意义；促进了家庭和谐,维护了社会稳定.妇女小额贷款为创业妇女带来了较好的经济收益的同时,也吸引部分进城务工男性返乡就业,一定程度上缓解了留守妇女儿童等社会问题,促进了家庭和谐和社会稳定；提高了妇女素质,培养了新型妇女人才.受贷妇女通过申办和运用小额贷款进行创业就业、发展生产,提高了政策水平、生产技能和经营能力.在政策执行过程中,各地涌现出了一大批懂经营、会管理、敢想敢干的妇女致富带头人和新型妇女人才,为全面建成小康社会奠定了良好的人才基础.

GEM：全球创业观察,一个旨在研究全球创业活动态势和变化、发掘国家或地区创业活动的驱动力、研究创业与经济增长之间的作用机制和评估国家创业政策的研究项目.